Abstract
The paper relates that we encounter attempts at a causal argument every day in the newspaper and on television news, and we also want such an argument because as we see some event take place, we want to know why it happened. The paper explains that in the case of a school shooting, the public wants almost immediately to know why this occurred, which means the public is asking for a cause-and-effect argument that explains the situation. The paper emphasizes how in truth, such clear-cut answers are often hard to come by and may not be available at all. In the case of some shooting, for instance, we may know who the shooter was by name and yet still have no way of really knowing his mentality and what caused him to act as he did.

From the Paper
"The purpose of the enclosed essay is to consider the meaning of causal explanations for actions, events, and phenomenon and the way people tend to confuse cause and effect. People also often attribute a given effect to a cause just because one follows the other and not because there is clear evidence linking the cause with the effect. Such a failure can be problematic, considerably so in certain contexts. In any case, this failure can mean that people making the error will not understand the nature of what they are describing or the real cause they want to identify. We encounter attempts at a causal argument every day in the..."

Tags:cause, effect, analysis

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts Immanuel Kant's and David Hume's views on how we interpret knowledge of cause and effect. The paper explains that Kant's theory, known as transcendental idealism, allows for a more confident approach to how we examine the world because, while Hume argues that we cannot be certain of the world in any sense, Kant says we can at least be certain of the form our minds give to the world. The paper contends that Kant's epistemology of transcendental idealism shows how Kant made a more compelling and, at least, more hopeful argument that immediately challenged Humean skepticism.

From the Paper
Hume holds that human ideas outside the realm of mathematics, "matters of fact", are nothing but copies and reflections of "impressions" from experience; impressions are merely lively perceptions of experiences - visual, auditory, smell - that act directly as the source of our less lively ideas. In this finding, Hume issued a blanket denial of the certainty of traditional metaphysical subjects, such as God, a soul or a self, because they were based on the supposition that nature is uniform, that the future will simulate the past. He dismisses moral philosophical systems and hypotheses as having perverted natural understanding. He thinks that these theories of "monkish virtues" and "reasonings on this subject can only be drawn from effects to causes; and that every argument, deducted from causes to effects must of necessity be a gross sophism; since it is impossible for you to know anything of the cause, but what you have antecedently, not inferred, but discovered to the full, in the effect."

Tags:transcendental, idealism

Abstract
The paper elucidates the reasons for the Los Angeles riots and discusses the causes and underlying principles. The acquittal of the three police officers of the beating of Rodney King is stated as being one of the main triggers of these riots but, as the paper discusses at length, there were also many other social and political causes. The paper recognizes that there remains a deeply-rooted resentment felt by African Americans because of socio-political and economic inequity.

From the Paper
"Comparing the 1965 Watts Riots and the 1992 Rodney King Riots, there are several coincidental (?) parallels. Both instance involved white Anglo police officers; there was an African-American motorist as the victim, and there was a beating that occurred on an African-American. Rodney King and Marquette Frye, instead on being suspects in a traffic violation, became "martyrs" in the eyes of the African-American community. Especially with the Rodney King affair, he became the symbol of political, social and economic oppressions faced by African-Americans not only in the Los Angeles area but the United States too. To make matters worse, the 1992 riots were "purposefully defined this civil disorder as a rebellion, as opposed to a riot, because of the gaping disparity in economic opportunity and in treatment by the criminal justice system of poor residents in South-Central Los Angeles, the site of the conflagration (Watts, 2003). Feeling always the underdog with repressive laws, neighborhood segregation, disparity in income and outright disgust for the color of their skin by the Anglos, African-Americans went on a rampage to vent all the pent-up anger within. "In other situations, the anger and frustration was expressed by pulling white motorists from cars and trucks and brutally beating and kicking them. In one such case, Reginald Oliver Denny, was pulled from his truck as he stopped to prevent hitting looters who filled the street."

Tags:African-Americans, Rodney, King, economic, inequity

Abstract
This paper discusses global warming and identifies the greenhouse effect as its primary cause, detailing the gases that contribute to the effect and explaining the effects of global warming on the atmosphere.

From the Paper
"Global warming is the gradual increase in temperature in Earth's atmosphere. The greenhouse effect occurs when certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat that warms the earth as it radiates back into space; the more the greenhouse gases build up, the hotter Earth's atmosphere becomes. The greenhouse effect is the direct cause of global warming and it is due to..."

Tags:global warming, cause, effect, CO2, greenhouse effect, gases

Abstract
About 77,000 individuals enlisted with the U.S. Army this year so far, agreeing to spend at least two years in uniform at a time of increasing odds they will be sent to war. Some individuals are enlisting to fight for their country, but research shows that new soldiers are more motivated by the opportunity for a career and better salary. This paper shows that despite the fact that the fundamental cause for enlisting may be training and additional income, many soldiers are coming home from Iraq affected by a different type of education-being involved with combat firsthand. The paper shows that according to research conducted by the army and private studies, a large number of individuals who served in the war are suffering from traumatic stress syndrome as well as other mental illnesses.

From the Paper
"The report of an Army mental health team that went to Iraq in June of 2003 found that 52 percent of troops in the war reported low or very low personal morale, and 70 percent reported low or very low unit morale (Ricks). The conditions are not likely to have become better since then. In fact, by January of this year there had been at least 22 GI suicides in Iraq. According to William Winkenwerder Jr., assistant secretary of defense for health affairs, the suicide rate represents more than 13.5 per 100,000 troops, about 20 percent higher than the recent Army average of 10.5 to 11. This excludes suicides of soldiers already evacuated out of Iraq, and there were at least four at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington during 2003 (Kelley)."

Tags:mental, health, psychiatric, military

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that teen pregnancies can be the result of a variety of causes and they can have a number of deleterious effects on those involved. The writer notes that among the causes confirmed by research are sex ratios, economic opportunities and race.

From the Paper
"Teen pregnancies can be the result of a variety of causes and they can have a number of deleterious effects on those involved. Among the causes confirmed by research are sex ratios economic opportunities and race. The effects of teen pregnancies on the teen mothers their children and society in general are many affecting the mothers physiologically and socioeconomically and affecting their children in a variety of ways. Barber found that the sex ratio-the ratio of men to women in a ..."

Tags:teen pregnancy, causes, effects

Abstract
The Great Depression refers to the serious economic decline that started in the United States towards the end of 1929 and spread to most industrial countries of the world, lasting until the early 1940s.The period saw sharp declines in the production and sale of goods and a sudden, severe rise in unemployment. Numerous businesses and banks closed down or went bankrupt, people lost their jobs, homes, and savings, and large sections of the population in hitherto prosperous countries had to depend on charity to survive. Economists have discussed and dissected the causes of the Depression ever since, and its long-term effects have not even been fully overcome even today. This paper discusses some of the important causes and effects of the Great Depression.

From the Paper
"The end of the World War I saw the American nation withdraw towards an inward looking policy of heightened individualism and the single-minded pursuit of getting rich. New technological innovations in the modern industry enabled quantum increase in industrial productivity. Unrestrained consumerism was promoted through the newly acquired art of advertising. People were persuaded to buy new, attractive products such as the automobile, the radio and household appliances. The problem was that while the public could be easily seduced into abandoning their habits of saving and frugality, the majority of the American public did not have the required buying capacity due to great inequalities in incomes. For example, during the "roaring" twenties (between 1923 and 1929), manufacturing output per person-hour increased by 32 %, while workers? wages grew by only 8 %. (McElvaine 38) At the same time, massive tax-cuts were initiated to benefit the rich by the government."

Tags:stock, market, fortune

Abstract
The paper first outlines David Hume's argument against a "power or necessary connection" between cause and effect. The writer then explains Hume's account of the relationship between cause and effect. The paper also addresses G.J. Warnock's objection to Hume's account of causation, and concludes that in light of Warnock's objection, Hume's account of causation seems fundamentally incorrect.

From the Paper
"Hume begins his argument by making a distinction between impressions and ideas. For Hume, impressions are immediate perceptions, either from sensation or reflection, while ideas are best thought of as faint copies of perceptions - "the less lively perceptions of which we are conscious when we reflect on [impressions]" (An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, p. 634). Even our most complex ideas are composed only of combinations of simple ideas. The concept of an infinitely good and wise God, for example, only "arises from reflecting on the operations of our own mind and augmenting, without limit, those qualities of goodness and wisdom" (E., p. 634). These simple ideas are not innate, and as such, are limited by experience, just as "a blind man can form no notion of colors, a deaf man of sounds" (E., p. 634). Thus, we can form no idea of cause and effect. To have an idea would require an initial impression of the actual connection or power between two bodies, which does not occur."

Tags:fundamental, reflection, wisdom, knowledge, learning

Abstract
A discussion of Gautma Buddha's noble laws and their "dependent origin" or causal justification. The paper explains how these laws that are propounded as the way to escape from earthly pain into a nirvana of bliss, offer an ethical, not a logical system to its adherents.

From the Paper
"Will Durant notes; "The theological disparity of Buddhism is not a way to worship but a way to live. He cared everything about conduct, nothing about ritual or worship, metaphysics or theology". As the giver of noble truths, Buddha does not depend on an anthropomorphic deity to validate them or a supervisory priesthood to interpret their mantra-sounding meanings. The concept of dependent origination forms one of the most important and profound teachings in Buddhism. Buddha expressed experience..."

Tags:Religion., Eastern, Philosophy., Ethics., Buddha.

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the painful subject of divorce. The paper reviews and discusses some of the causes of divorce, as well as the effect that divorce has on the children involved.

From the Paper
"There are many factors that can cause divorce. Married too young, for the wrong reasons, or just not thinking it through. Although there are many reasons for why marriages do not work the exact causes vary from couple to couple (Divorce). Many marriage councilors and experts agree that various communication problems are the root causes of divorce and then followed by other issues (Causes). The Oklahoma Marriage Initiative Service ran a study and broke down the causes of divorce: Infidelity- 58%, Marrying too young- 43%, little or no helpful premarital preparation-42%, financial problems- 42%, Domestic violence- 30%, lack of support from family members- 29%, and religious differences- 21%. With all these causes it is no wonder the rates are sky-rocketing. Today people do not think it through; they just jump right into marriage. Marriage is a sacred agreement that should not be broken. There has been an increase in social acceptance of divorce, making it easier and ok to do (Linaman). "

Tags:court, pain, children, anger, trust, social, acceptance, abuse