Abstract
Transcendental idealism is founded on the concept of the a priori. Few claims in philosophical history have encouraged as wide and vigorous a debate as this one idea. The a priori nature of causality has been the most cited example, and this paper takes a view of the playing field. Not only is Kant's theory of causality explained with care, but the paper also investigates how Kant stands in reference to traditional ("dogmatic") metaphysics, notably that of Leibniz and also to his powerful contemporary, David Hume; with whom Kant had one eye on when writing "The Critique".

From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" is largely a response to popular philosophy of the time. This is true of Leibniz (and Wolff's) "dogmatic metaphysics", but also true of the psychological approach of the British empiricists. The most resolute of these, in Kant's mind, was David Hume, and Kant's response to Hume's treatment of causality is worthy of further examination."

Tags:causality, empiricism, enlightenment, hume, idealism, kant, leibniz, metaphysics, priori, rationalism, transcendental

Abstract
This paper discusses David Hume's theory of knowledge to describe how and why we make judgments of causality according to his thought. The writer discusses that Hume, who devoted his whole life to epistemology, the nature of knowledge, its foundations, scope, and [especially] its validity, was the most extreme proponent of this empiricist theory principally because of his philosophy of causality that sought to destroy the old a priori metaphysics of innate ideas including "the more speculative metaphysical views" of Rene Descartes. The writer analyzes Hume's beliefs, taking into consideration theories and views of other philosophers.

From the Paper
"David Hume (1711-1776) was the last and perhaps most controversially influential of "the three most famous British Empiricists of the eighteenth century" [John Locke 1632-1704, and George Berkeley (1685-1753](Flage 1). Although Hume's ideas had great impact on Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Charles Darwin, the concept of empiricism can be traced back at least to Protagoras of Abdera, a fifth century Greek Sophist, who propounded the radical relativism that "Of all things the measure is man, of the things that are, that {or'how'] they are, and of things that [or 'how'] they are not" (Poster 4). Protagoras' taught that judgment of qualities, as abstractions like truth, are subjective, relative only to the individual observer. This, of course, is the basis of empiricism, the philosophy that all knowledge is derived from the experiences of the senses."

Tags:judgments, causality

Abstract
The paper examines David Hume's philosophy of causality that follows on from the empiricist philosophy. The paper discusses Hume's theory that people do not make judgments of how or why because causality does not exist. The paper explains the belief that only through the senses is information recorded, processed and inscribed upon our empty minds as a reaction to an aggregated association of thought. The paper stresses how empiricist philosophy denies the relevance of the person as a social, choosing being.

From the Paper
"David Hume (1711-1776) was the last and perhaps most controversially influential of "the three most famous British Empiricists of the eighteenth century" [John Locke 1632-1704, and George Berkeley (1685-1753](Flage 1). Although Hume's ideas had great impact on Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Charles Darwin, the concept of empiricism can be traced back at least to Protagoras of Abdera, a fifth century Greek Sophist, who propounded the radical relativism that "Of all things the measure is man, of the things that are, that {or'how'] they are, and of things that [or 'how'] they are not" (Poster 4). Protagoras' taught that judgment of qualities, as abstractions like truth, are subjective, relative only to the individual observer. This, of course, is the basis of empiricism, the philosophy that all knowledge is derived from the experiences of the senses."

Tags:empiricist, philosophy, senses, information, knowledge, minds, choice

Abstract
This paper provides a brief biographical section on David Hume before examining his theory on causality. The paper includes explanations of his notions of necessary connection, custom and habit, and the logical problems associated with causality.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most significant work ever accomplished by David Hume is his argument on causality. As an empiricist, Hume attempted to make clear the limits of reason in human understanding. Hume shows how the majority of human beliefs are gained not through innate reasoning as rationalists since Plato had claimed, but through the experiences of the senses."

Tags:treatise, connexion, Plato

Abstract
This paper evaluates the three most prevalent methods of personal identification following a mass casualty disaster and indicates how each methods was used following the 2004 tsunami. The methods discussed are DNA, fingerprint and dental identification. Each of these methods, the author underscores, may be useless if a reference sample is not currently or does not become available; nevertheless, the increasing number of DNA databases may increase the ease of victim identification. The paper concludes that fingerprint identification should be used initially through additional means may be required.

Table of Contents:
DNA Identification
DNA Identification and the 2004 Tsunami
Fingerprint Identification
Fingerprint Identification and the 2004 Tsunami
Dental Identification
Dental Identification and the 2004 Tsunami
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In comparison to DNA, it is often much easier to obtain fingerprints from victims. Unlike acquiring a DNA sample, it is not necessary to extract a tooth or segment of bone. Fingerprints may be obtained using the traditional paper and ink process, or by using more modern methods, such as digital image scanners. Therefore, this method of identification is advantageous in expensive, specialized equipment and personnel are not required to collect the sample.
"Although the advantages of this method of identification are understandable, certain disadvantageous must also be noted."

Tags:closure, reference sample, collection quicker long-lasting

From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant entered the realm of speculative cosmology, which he saw as centering on the idea of the world as the totality of the causal sequence of phenomena. In this way, he addressed what he saw as a conflict between ideas about human freedom and the general explanation of causality as offered by science. The issues raised included a concern for the meaning of human freedom, an understanding of how the human mind works, and a consideration of what this meant for moral reasoning.

The speculative cosmologist attempts to extend his or her knowledge of the world by means of synthetic a priori propositions. Kant stats, though, that this procedure leads to antimonies, and these arise when each of two contradictory propositions can be proved. If it is true that speculative cosmology leads to antimonies, then it must be assumed that its ... "

Abstract
The author of the paper argues that David Pelzer's autobiographical account of his abusive childhood in "A Child Called It" is shocking, horrific and, at times, unbelievable. The paper explains the book's lack of causal connection and absence of future retributive consequences to David's tormentors created an impression of a book with no method or message.

From the Paper
"For me, actions that happen in a vacuum have no reality. People who exist outside the realm of cause and effect are not really people, and their erratic actions should not instill a fear that they can strike anyone at any time. No. But there is something even more dangerous about pushing cause and effect to the wayside. If we think of David's God as representing hope, he has killed his god in one deft swipe. Think about it: without the notion of evil having a cause, there is no way to figure out how to change it; without a possibility for change, hope flies out the window; and in the absence of hope, God is dead. Metaphorically speaking anyway."

Tags:abuse, depression, alcohol

Abstract
This paper discusses causal determines. Causality, the relation between two items one of which causes the other, is often probabilistic. Causal determinism implies that something must have caused something else. The issue of right versus wrong would not occur if there was no wrongdoing. Three criteria to determine the right versus wrong dilemma are violation of law, departure from truth, and deviation from moral conduct. Ethical theories reflect on concepts of moral issues.

Abstract
Benzodiazepines are absorbed through the stomach, muscle, or blood stream, which depends on the route they are given. They travel through the body at different speeds until processed out of the body through the liver. Benzodiazepines, if given by mouth, can be split into three groups based on how quickly they are absorbed: After taking a benzodiazepine, the person will experience muscle relaxation, a decrease in the level off anxiety and a sleepy or relaxed feeling. If the drug is taken in high doses with alcohol, these effects are more significant. Short-term use of benzodiazepines rarely results in chronic addiction, unless the person has already had an addiction to this or other drugs or alcohol in the past. Benzodiazepines are complex sedatives that can be useful in regulated moderation and this paper will offer a comprehensive analysis of its potentially addictive qualities

From the Paper
Benzodiazepines: An Examination of Prescription, Causality and Addiction Joe Student Professor's Name March 15, 2009 Outline Benzodiazepines are absorbed through the stomach, muscle, or blood stream, which depends on the route they are given. They travel through the body at different speeds until processed out of the body through the liver. Benzodiazepines, if given by mouth, can be split into three groups based

Tags:benzodiazepine, addiction, medication

Abstract
This paper analyzes the business model of coffee giant Starbucks by applying the Burke-Litwin Causal Model. The paper explains that Starbucks began its operational activity by importing and selling coffee beans; in time, they introduced the innovative idea of making the coffee and selling the actual beverage. They were the pavers of the industry and they still register immense success at global level, the paper adds, and most of their achievements can be explained through the corporate ability to integrate all features into a unified direction. The paper discusses Starbucks' treatment of employees, stakeholder participation, and systems of operational efficiency, concluding with a company overview.

Outline:
Introduction
Application of the Burke-Litwin Causal Model within Starbucks
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Burke-Litwin Causal Model provides the reader with a highly complex means of analyzing the organization. It identifies features such as structure, tasks, skills, managerial practices, systems, policies, work unit climate, motivation or needs and goals and reveals how these interact to form the organization as a whole (Burke and Litwin, 1992). To best understand how this model works, one should apply to an economic entity, such as coffee monolith Starbucks."

Tags:stakeholder, operational, efficiency, management, coffee