Abstract
This paper discusses causal determines. Causality, the relation between two items one of which causes the other, is often probabilistic. Causal determinism implies that something must have caused something else. The issue of right versus wrong would not occur if there was no wrongdoing. Three criteria to determine the right versus wrong dilemma are violation of law, departure from truth, and deviation from moral conduct. Ethical theories reflect on concepts of moral issues.

Abstract
This paper analyzes the business model of coffee giant Starbucks by applying the Burke-Litwin Causal Model. The paper explains that Starbucks began its operational activity by importing and selling coffee beans; in time, they introduced the innovative idea of making the coffee and selling the actual beverage. They were the pavers of the industry and they still register immense success at global level, the paper adds, and most of their achievements can be explained through the corporate ability to integrate all features into a unified direction. The paper discusses Starbucks' treatment of employees, stakeholder participation, and systems of operational efficiency, concluding with a company overview.

Outline:
Introduction
Application of the Burke-Litwin Causal Model within Starbucks
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Burke-Litwin Causal Model provides the reader with a highly complex means of analyzing the organization. It identifies features such as structure, tasks, skills, managerial practices, systems, policies, work unit climate, motivation or needs and goals and reveals how these interact to form the organization as a whole (Burke and Litwin, 1992). To best understand how this model works, one should apply to an economic entity, such as coffee monolith Starbucks."

Tags:stakeholder, operational, efficiency, management, coffee

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that anorexia nervosa is a mental disorder that is considered to be one of the most deadly among all psychiatric disorders and is one of the most costly to treat. In reviewing the literature, the writer points out that there are various hypotheses relating to a variety of both environmental and biological causes, but very few that bring together the various elements that seem to consistently be found in this mental disorder. The writer examines the various proposed causes that have been set forth and studied to date in the literature but maintains that, because studies in this field are correlational and usually only look at one possible factor at a time, it is difficult to determine whether this mental disorder has multiple causal mechanisms. The writer discusses that, if consistent patterns can be identified in relation to the development of this mental illness, it may be possible to identify children who are at risk of developing anorexia, successfully treat those who have it, and reverse the trend and, thus, save the lives of many people.

Outline:
The Definition of Anorexia Nervosa
Currently Published Prevalence Rates
Hereditability and Comorbidity
The Effects of the Thin Ideal and the Media
Anorexia with Athletes
Proposed Biological Causes
Personality Correlates of Anorexics
Attachment Patterns and the Development of Anorexia
Parental Dynamics Involved in the Development of Anorexia
Conclusion

From the Paper
"What is unclear is whether the onset of the comorbid anxiety disorder causes and/or contributes to the onset of the anorexia or vice versa.
"As an aside, facts that are somewhat related to heritability have been consistently found in the behavior of mothers toward their infant daughters who eventually become anorexic. It is unclear whether these patterns of behavior are causally related to the development of anorexia or not, but it should be noted that there are circumstances that may be considered risk factors and should be taken into account when predicting outcomes.
"For example, anorexics are said to have mothers who relied on scheduled feeding patterns when they were babies and introduced solids prematurely into their child's diet."

Tags:body, weight, patient, fat, thin

Abstract
This paper discusses the main causal factors of the American Civil War. It specifically focuses on the role of slavery in developing antagonism between the northern and southern states, the fundamental issue of state sovereignty against the growing authority of the federal government and the very different life style and political and economic bases of life in the southern states as compared with those that shaped life in the North.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Role of Slavery as a Root Cause of The American Civil War
The Role of Federalism, Foreign Tariffs and the Western Territories

From the Paper
"When Missouri requested ratification as an independent slaveholding state within the American Union in 1817, northern states fiercely opposed the recognition of a slave state so far north. Resolution came in the form of the Compromise of 1820, pursuant to which Missouri was recognized as a slave state but Maine as a free state, thereby maintaining the balance of representation in the senate. It was the first of a series of similar compromises intended to avoid outright conflict between the North and South over the underlying issue of slavery."

Tags:federalism, tariffs, territories

From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant entered the realm of speculative cosmology, which he saw as centering on the idea of the world as the totality of the causal sequence of phenomena. In this way, he addressed what he saw as a conflict between ideas about human freedom and the general explanation of causality as offered by science. The issues raised included a concern for the meaning of human freedom, an understanding of how the human mind works, and a consideration of what this meant for moral reasoning.

The speculative cosmologist attempts to extend his or her knowledge of the world by means of synthetic a priori propositions. Kant stats, though, that this procedure leads to antimonies, and these arise when each of two contradictory propositions can be proved. If it is true that speculative cosmology leads to antimonies, then it must be assumed that its ... "

Abstract
This paper examines and compares the writings of two authors on the cause and effect of consumerism. The paper argues that, of the two books, Schudson's analysis in "Delectable Materialism" is more plausible than that of Schor's in "Work and Spend". The paper outlines Schor's work and then explains Schor's inability to establish cause and effect in her hypothesis. The paper then outlines Schudson's work and shows how he has established a cause-effect relationship in his hypothesis on consumer culture.

From the Paper
"In developing the argument that capitalism and advertising have created a consumerist treadmill resulting in discontent, Schor traces the advent of consumerism as concurrent with the development of the market system and the growth of the middle class. As further support of her claim, she cites the historically relative absence of materialism prior to the advent of capitalism. Thus, Schor concludes that it was capitalism that precipitated the rise of a consumerist culture and the breakdown of historical values: "Thrift and sobriety were out; waste and excess were in in the midst of all this buying, we can discern the origins of modern consumer discontent" (Work and Spend). The key to Schor's hypothesis here is the apparent absence of materialism prior to the advent of capitalism. However, the seeming absence of consumerism could well have been a function of other factors such as lower incomes and more important, the absence of a wide range of consumer goods."

Tags:individual, identity, material, possession, pursuit, convenience, comfort, influence, working, hours

Abstract
This paper discusses David Hume's theory of knowledge to describe how and why we make judgments of causality according to his thought. The writer discusses that Hume, who devoted his whole life to epistemology, the nature of knowledge, its foundations, scope, and [especially] its validity, was the most extreme proponent of this empiricist theory principally because of his philosophy of causality that sought to destroy the old a priori metaphysics of innate ideas including "the more speculative metaphysical views" of Rene Descartes. The writer analyzes Hume's beliefs, taking into consideration theories and views of other philosophers.

From the Paper
"David Hume (1711-1776) was the last and perhaps most controversially influential of "the three most famous British Empiricists of the eighteenth century" [John Locke 1632-1704, and George Berkeley (1685-1753](Flage 1). Although Hume's ideas had great impact on Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Charles Darwin, the concept of empiricism can be traced back at least to Protagoras of Abdera, a fifth century Greek Sophist, who propounded the radical relativism that "Of all things the measure is man, of the things that are, that {or'how'] they are, and of things that [or 'how'] they are not" (Poster 4). Protagoras' taught that judgment of qualities, as abstractions like truth, are subjective, relative only to the individual observer. This, of course, is the basis of empiricism, the philosophy that all knowledge is derived from the experiences of the senses."

Tags:judgments, causality

Abstract
Transcendental idealism is founded on the concept of the a priori. Few claims in philosophical history have encouraged as wide and vigorous a debate as this one idea. The a priori nature of causality has been the most cited example, and this paper takes a view of the playing field. Not only is Kant's theory of causality explained with care, but the paper also investigates how Kant stands in reference to traditional ("dogmatic") metaphysics, notably that of Leibniz and also to his powerful contemporary, David Hume; with whom Kant had one eye on when writing "The Critique".

From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" is largely a response to popular philosophy of the time. This is true of Leibniz (and Wolff's) "dogmatic metaphysics", but also true of the psychological approach of the British empiricists. The most resolute of these, in Kant's mind, was David Hume, and Kant's response to Hume's treatment of causality is worthy of further examination."

Tags:causality, empiricism, enlightenment, hume, idealism, kant, leibniz, metaphysics, priori, rationalism, transcendental

Abstract
The paper examines David Hume's philosophy of causality that follows on from the empiricist philosophy. The paper discusses Hume's theory that people do not make judgments of how or why because causality does not exist. The paper explains the belief that only through the senses is information recorded, processed and inscribed upon our empty minds as a reaction to an aggregated association of thought. The paper stresses how empiricist philosophy denies the relevance of the person as a social, choosing being.

From the Paper
"David Hume (1711-1776) was the last and perhaps most controversially influential of "the three most famous British Empiricists of the eighteenth century" [John Locke 1632-1704, and George Berkeley (1685-1753](Flage 1). Although Hume's ideas had great impact on Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Charles Darwin, the concept of empiricism can be traced back at least to Protagoras of Abdera, a fifth century Greek Sophist, who propounded the radical relativism that "Of all things the measure is man, of the things that are, that {or'how'] they are, and of things that [or 'how'] they are not" (Poster 4). Protagoras' taught that judgment of qualities, as abstractions like truth, are subjective, relative only to the individual observer. This, of course, is the basis of empiricism, the philosophy that all knowledge is derived from the experiences of the senses."

Tags:empiricist, philosophy, senses, information, knowledge, minds, choice

Abstract
This paper provides a brief biographical section on David Hume before examining his theory on causality. The paper includes explanations of his notions of necessary connection, custom and habit, and the logical problems associated with causality.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most significant work ever accomplished by David Hume is his argument on causality. As an empiricist, Hume attempted to make clear the limits of reason in human understanding. Hume shows how the majority of human beliefs are gained not through innate reasoning as rationalists since Plato had claimed, but through the experiences of the senses."

Tags:treatise, connexion, Plato