Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal to explore racial bias in the criminal justice system. It looks at paired analysis of sentencing practices between Caucasian women and African American women for similar crimes. This research supports the hypothesis that sentencing practice affords stiffer sentences for African American women than for Caucasian women who have committed similar crimes. The paper includes a literature review on the subject as well as a copy of the cover letter and survey to be sent out to participants.

Outline:
Topic/Research Question
Statement of Problem
Independent and Dependent Variables
Hypothesis
Definition
Methodology
Analysis and Results
Conclusion
Review of Literature and Theoretical Perspective
Appendix - cover letter and survey

From the Paper
''This is the ideal justice system that exists in the annals of law journals, policies and procedures. However, policies and procedures can only control an individual to a certain extent. Judges, juries, prosecutors, and public defenders are people, just like any one else. As such, they can allow their own feelings to contaminate their decisions. They know that this is wrong, but many do not recognize these qualities in themselves. They do not see the racism in their decisions. However, more than two hundred years of racial prejudice and social teaching cannot be erased with a pen stroke. Racial prejudice no longer exists in the policies of the criminal justice system, but in practice, it is alive and well.
The question of racial bias in the criminal justice system has been a topic of great concern. Accusations that the court system treats people differently according to the color of their skin. The focus of past research has highlighted gender bias in the sentencing of males. However, little attention has been paid to addressing whether the same applies to women in the criminal justice system as well. This research will explore sentencing in the criminal justice system for women of different racial backgrounds.
''For this study, the independent variable will consist of the crime that was committed and the sentence achieved. This study will only examine misdemeanor crime. Felonies and capital crimes are complex and often have many mitigating circumstances that could affect the outcome of the study. Misdemeanors are often less complex, with fewer mitigating circumstances, therefore would be expected to be likely to have more consistent sentencing practices. The crimes that will be examined will be limited to: drug possession, criminal mischief, disorderly conduct, harassment, menacing, theft, trespass, and domestic violence. The researcher has no control of the crime committed, nor the sentence that was awarded for the crime. Therefore the crime and punishment will serve as the independent variable.''

Tags:justice, decisions, gender

Abstract
This paper explains that the discovery of the Urumchi mummies in the Uyghur Autonomous Region, in the Xianjiang province of China raised a furor in the West because not only were there mummies in China but also they were created more than 500 years before either Ramses II or Tutankhamen ruled Egypt. These mummies appeared to be Caucasian rather than Asian in appearance probably Celtics who wandered eastward 2,000-4,000 years ago. The author relates that the case of the Urumchi mummies and the other mummies of the Xianjiang region of China has created a controversy in recent years because the ethnic Uyghur Chinese separatists claim that they are descended from these Caucasians and therefore Xianjiang should not be considered a part of China but rather of Europe instead.

From the Paper
"The mummies, displayed in the Urumchi Museum, have proven to be some of the most magnificent specimens of any of the Silk Road mummies. They range from a man that was buried with ten different hats amongst his burial goods, to a group known as Three Women and a Child. They are attired in brightly colored textiles, exhibit hairstyles, and fabric patterns that are traditional for the Celtic Tribes of the Bronze Age. From what Wayland Barber has been able to hypothesize from their clothing, and the other goods that were buried with them, they led a nomadic lifestyle that was common at the time, in, many parts of Europe, and Asia."

Tags:nomadic saltiness dna, silk road, uyghur

Abstract
This paper researches the challenges and rewards faced by a Caucasian family in the process of adopting a sibling group of African-American children with the ages of 4, 12 and 17. The writer provides crucial information that will help the parents increase their readiness to raise these children in a culturally sensitive manner. In addition, the writer also identifies what else he should do in his counseling work to be more sensitive and accessible of individuals sharing an African-American cultural background.

From the Paper
"This research paper is designed to help Caucasian parents in the process of adopting a sibling group of African-American children aging 4, 12, and 17. The information addresses the parents' readiness to adapt with the unique challenges faced by interracial families. Analyzing the literature on the subject, one finds that Bradley and Hawkins-Leon's (2002) recommend a psychological educational-based strategy to counseling families in this situation. One such strategy is called multicultural planning. This refers to Caucasian parents' skills to give their children exposure to African-American cultural events and socialization with other African-Americans of all ages (Vonk and Angaran, 2003)."

Tags:counseling, race, racism, ethnicity, identity

Abstract
"I chose this article because of its diversity in studying cultures. Many studies have a Caucasian population base and this article has Latino, White and African peoples participating. I also selected this article because of its focus on severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). I have a personal interest I SPMI since I have a relative who suffers. Overall, do you think this is a good, fair, etc., article? In order to determine the value of the article the limitations of the study must be explained. It is in this discussion of the studies limitations that the validity and findings of the study are reported."

From the Paper
What to Critique: Quantitative Article Why did you select this article? I chose this article because of its diversity in studying cultures. Many studies have a Caucasian population base and this article has Latino, White and African peoples participating. I also selected this article because of its focus on severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). I have a personal interest I SPMI since I have a relative who suffers. Overall, do you think this is a good, fair, etc., article? In order to determine the value of the article the limitations of the study must be explained. It is in this discussion of the studies

Tags:article, critique, quantitative

Abstract
The subject of this case study is a 61-year-old Caucasian male with a history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease (CAD). The paper includes a prior risk factor profile, cardiac event history, event pathophysiology, operation summary, post operation recovery, and current risk factor profile of the heart transplant patient.

Table of Contents:
Prior Risk Factor Profile
Cardiac Event History
Event Pathophysiology
Operation Summary
Post Operation
Current Risk Factor Profile
Works Cited

From the Paper
"The first operative procedure involved coronary catheterization. A coronary catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure to access the coronary circulation and blood filled chambers of the heart using a catheter. It was performed on the subject as both a diagnostic and treatment procedure. The catheterization discovered two coronary lesions and an occluded LAD, upon which the lesions were unblocked through angioplasty and a stent placed in the LAD. However, the subject's complications due to severe CAD could not be resolved through angioplasty or CABG and a cardiac transplant was in order."

Tags:heart transplant, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, cardiac

Abstract
This paper examines the substantial racial disparities in the US health care system between African Americans and Caucasian Americans. The paper further describes how the system treats those who are white far better than it treats those who are black. With this in mind, the paper explores the various parts of a most unsettling issue. The paper also considers the legacy of slavery and how it has shaped the treatment of African-Americans within the health care system. The paper concludes that America did not resolve the slavery problem and, in the realm of medical care, remains incomplete today.

From the Paper
"It is a sad, lamentable fact: there are substantial racial disparities in our health care system between African Americans and Caucasian Americans; in other words, the system treats those who are white far better than it treats those who are black. With this in mind, the ensuing several pages will explore the various parts of a most unsettling issue. To commence, the essay will look at the legacy of slavery and how it has shaped - sometimes in overt ways, sometimes in insidious ways - the treatment of African-Americans within the health care system. This section is of critical import insofar as it illuminates how America's resolution of the..."

Tags:african, americans, health, care

Abstract
This paper discusses the dynamics of race relations in contemporary Las Vegas, from the viewpoint of a Caucasian middle-aged male. The author describes the demographic and political makeup of Las Vegas, and the way in which local media has embraced racial and cultural diversity. The author explains, giving specific examples, that from his personal experience, factors such as income and social class appear to racialize human interactions in Vegas more strongly than race alone. Age is also perceived as playing an important part in determining whether the author experiences racial reactions. The paper concludes with the author's belief that within racial minorities, different individuals enter into social interactions with different degrees of preconceived expectations and racialized perspective in Las Vegas.

Outline:
Racial Relations in Society
Unique Cultural Elements of Las Vegas
Personal Experiences and Observations

From the Paper
"Conversely, members of racial minorities are likely much more conscious of the degree to which the predominant social culture embraces cultural diversity, both in its formal policies as well as prevailing informal attitudes. This is an issue that affects me more because, to a certain extent, the perceptions among minority cultures about their relationship to society shape their expectations of individual members of the predominant majority in social situations. Likewise, it may very well play a role in the outward attitude of many members of racial minorities expressed to me in personal interactions, although it is sometimes difficult to know the underlying source of substantial variations that likely mean more than many aspects of outward behavior."

Tags:inequality, psychological, conversational, culture, racialization, tension, community, tourism

Abstract
This paper contends that members of the native culture themselves benefit most from their assimilation into the mainstream, and the mainstream society also benefits. The author bases his argument on his first-hand experience with the assimilation of a Navajo family living on a New Mexico Reservation. The paper points out that, for the Caucasian cultures in America, true and complete assimilation takes at least several generations and may not even be entirely possible.

From the Paper
"What constitutes a benefit? Admittedly, there is some room for subjectivity here, but something obtained by an individual or group that advances its progress toward whatever goals it has or the removal of an obstruction to those goals could be considered benefits. Some of these benefits could be characterized as availability of food, healthcare, education, wealth, influence, status, artistic achievement, freedom from prejudice, etc. How these things endure from one generation to the next could also be considered a benefit. Benefits can also be prioritized according to a scale of needs and wants, i.e., acquisition of food and shelter are higher priority than say acquiring a country club membership or a famous set of Kachina dolls."

Tags:navajo, irish, generations, education, enrichment

Abstract
This paper discusses the achievement gap between African-American and Caucasian students as it relates to education. It discusses the gap from a historical and cultural perspective. It then explores the context of this issue as it relates to standards of education and analyzes the findings of several articles regarding the impact of this issue on pre-service teachers.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Context With Link To Standards Of Education
Summary And Analysis Of Several Articles
Impact Of This Issue Of Pre-Service Teachers

From the Paper
"The segregation of African American and Caucasian children prior to 1964 continues to have a profound effect on the achievement levels of students. In addition, there are issues of socioeconomic class that play a significant role in achievement levels. In recent years this gap has increased significantly as the disparities between the rich and the poor have also widened. Because there are such differences between the wealthy and the poor in this country there are also substantial differences in the standard of education from place to place. There have been various attempts over the years to close this gap. Under the Bush administration the No Child Left Behind Act was developed to address the Achievement gap. Since the implementation of this Act there has been a great deal of conflict concerning both its implementation and the impact that the act has actually had on the achievement gap as it relates to Black and White students. Setting specific standards as it relates to expectations for achievement and curriculum is critical to closing the achievement gap between black and white students."

Tags:socioeconomic, race, NCLB

Abstract
This paper provides a brief look at racism towards African Americans in the United States. It first discusses what should and could be done to improve relations between African Americans and Caucasian Americans (of European heritage). The paper then looks at some of the known strategies that may very well be helpful in at least reducing the tension between Blacks and Whites.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
A Brief Look at Racism in History
Assimilation Theories
Systemic Racism
Recent Institutional Systemic Racism
Death Penalty Racism
Improving Race Relations Through Education: Problems Facing Schools
Improving Race Relations Through Education: Teaching Children Diversity

From the Paper
"An article published in the journal Social Work by authors Paula T. Tanemura Morelli and Michael S. Spencer emphasizes research into multicultural education (MCE) and antiracist education (ARE). The article (published in 2000) explains that there are signs that MCE is helping to shift away from old-style thinking in education (assimilation by all cultures into how white people live and think) and into a style of teaching that reflects the "experiences, history, cultures and perspectives of our pluralistic society." This shift must continue, if society is to become a place where all cultures are contributors and participants, the authors suggest; and in order to reach that goal the shift in classroom strategies must include "content integration, participation by the student's family and community in the knowledge construction process" and also, equality in the teaching process and a school culture that can be empowered."

Tags:education, minority, culture, prejudice