Abstract
This paper gives an in depth analysis of the domestication of cattle in Africa that demonstrates that African cattle are unique. This domestication occurred prior to the domestication of plants.The geographical and genetic reasons for early domestication of animals in Africa is also highlighted.

From the Paper
"Most anthropologists believe that the roots of civilization occurred with the discovery of agriculture. By agriculture, however, they typically refer to the activity of planting fields, raising crops and reaping a harvest. Indeed the effect that agriculture has had on human society is profound and includes higher population densities and urban stratified social systems. Indeed some scholars even posit that the global distribution of wealth and power today may descend from variations in the characteristics and timing of early food production. (Marshall) When scholars refer to early food production however..."

Tags:domestication, cattle, africa, europe, asia, genetic, molecular, social, mitochondrial, dna

Abstract
This paper provides a history of the Texas Longhorn breed of cattle and the cattle ranching industry in Texas. The paper discusses the origins of the Texas Longhorn, explains why this particular breed thrived so well in Texas and looks at the history of cattle ranching in Texas, explaining that it was Texas's production of beef for the Confederacy that started the industry in the first place. The paper also describes the more famous trails used to herd cattle, the round-up that took place before driving the cattle across the trails and life on the range. Additionally, the paper discusses the impact of the cattle trade on the American economy and examines the cattle industry in America today.

Table of Contents
Arrival of Cattle in the Americas
Cattle Trade
Impacts of the Cattle Trade
Cattle Industry in America Today

From the Paper
"In Texas, the climate conditions and the range conditions were ideal for the raising of cattle, and perhaps this was why Texas became so very good in cattle rearing and farming. In addition, there was a liberal land system in Texas at the time, and this made it easy to acquire land, which everyone did. Soon, small acreage owners began to let their cattle graze on unoccupied lands, and others who had invested most of their money in cattle, came to depend on the open ranges for pastures. Even though some cattle were used to feed the soldiers of the Confederate Troops at that time, for the most part, the cattle were all left alone, and they grew in numbers as well as in size, and according to estimates, there were about five million longhorns at the end of the Civil War. The Longhorns in fact had long legs, and lanky bodies, that seemed to have been designed for speed, and because of the fact that for centuries these cattle had been allowed to run wild, they had developed into creatures that could withstand droughts and blizzards and other adversities with ease. In addition, they did not need much water to survive, and they had strong horizontal horns that could attack when provoked."

Tags:single, ancestor, auroch, domesticated, devon, purebred, explorers, great, plains

Abstract
The objective of this work is to explore the aspects of raising beef cattle for 'profit' in the area of the United States that is comprised of Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi and other areas of the Southeastern United States. It examines the factors that have the potential to affect costs and profits and ultimately examines the feeding methods through a compare and contrast analysis of 'grain' fed cattle and 'grass' fed cattle in relation to cost, health and profitability.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Changes in the Cattle Business over the Past Two Decades
Challenges and Difficulties in Raising Beef Cattle Herds
Profit And Loss Considerations in Raising Beef Cattle
Grain-Fed versus Grass/Pasture-Fed Beef
Nutritional Differences in Grass- And Grain-Fed Beef
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The cattle business is not a livelihood that can be scheduled on a clock for indeed just as the beef cattleman has decided to head in from the barns and fields it is time for a calf to be born, or a calf has been born and rejected by its' mother requiring bottle-feeding every few hours and around the clock. Other difficulties are illustrated in the fence that the cattle broke at 3:00 a.m. or the sick cow that must be 'put down' in order to keep infection from the rest of the herd. While the cattle business is rewarding and has the potential to be, very profitable it is not a business for those who tend to be lackadaisical or for the faint at heart. "

Tags:cattleman, calf, herds

Abstract
As the world becomes more crowded, it is becoming evident that decisions have to be made regarding resources available to mankind. One of the points of controversy in today's battle between saving our natural resources and providing for man's future is the battle over the Amazon rain forest. The paper shows that the Amazon rain forest is currently providing areas for cattle to graze, which, of course, provides food for immediate need. However, the rain forest also has a large potential impact on the survival of mankind in the future, as long as it is not destroyed today. The paper describes the tug of war that exists between the cattle ranchers, who are clearing the land now, and the ecologists, who are trying to stop the destruction of the forest. Sociological and ecological themes conflict as the arguments and competition continue.

From the Paper
"According to ecological research there is already 16 percent of the forest gone through destruction., This is equal to 1.6 million square miles of forest. The ecologists believe that the destruction has sped up the global warming process which in turn is speeding up other future problems for the world. The argument between the cattle ranchers and the ecologists is centered on this and other consequences of the ranchers efforts(Brazil, 2003)."

Tags:Bill, Mankin, Matto, Grosso, Brazil, Greenpeace

Abstract
Melatonin is a substance that is used in the husbandry of a variety of producing animals in agriculture. The substance is available for such applications as both injections and implants for the purpose of boosting melatonin levels in production animals. Alternatively, some research has indicated that melatonin production in agricultural animals can be increased through the use of supplemental light. This paper proposes a study to determine the effect of supplemental lighting on melatonin production in dairy cattle and to determine the effects of increased levels of melatonin production in dairy cattle on the productive output of such cattle. The paper also includes a literature review of the subject.

From the Paper
"In the contemporary period, diary farmers face increasing economic pressures through the interaction of demands for reduced market prices and increased costs of production inputs. Government subsidies no longer can be relied upon to provide stability in dairy farming. Thus, dairy farmers must seek ways to improve the productivity of their operations where possible. A failure to identify and implement effective strategies to improve productivity will lead to further declines in agriculture generally and for the quality of rural life more specifically."

Tags:agriculture, BSE, diurnal, pineal, gland

Abstract
This paper explains that mad cow disease is bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE, a fatal brain disorder in cattle caused by a still-unknown agent. The author points out that U.K. reports also listed other animals as having been infected by TSEs, including domestic cats, mice, hamsters, goats, mink, monkeys, pigs, and some exotic species of the cat family. The paper reports that there is also suspicion that mad cow can be spread through human blood; therefore, the American Red Cross bans blood donations from people who have lived abroad, especially from those who spent as few as three months in the UK between 1980 and 1996.

From the Paper
"The disease spread to cattle in other countries through infected animal feed UK exported to them within that decade. These countries in Europe alone included Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland (Lohn), which were reported to have at least one infected cow each. The UK also supplied animal feed to South Africa and non-European countries at that time, extending the reach Mad Cow beyond Europe and making it a global health scare."

Tags:scrapie, blood, cat, feed, bse

Abstract
The writer of this well-researched paper details the health risks which can and do result, due to the use of hormones in the beef produced in America and around the world. This paper traces the use of hormones in beef back to the 1970s, when the U.S. began using hormones to accelerate the growth rate of animals in an effort to conserve time and money. The writer contends that over 95% of the cattle in the U.S. are currently being administered growth promoting hormones. This paper examines the ongoing conflict between the U.S., the European Union and Canada over the ban on cattle products produced with growth hormones. Since the 1950s, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has been researching the effects of growth hormones and it, as well as other scientific experts, have found that there is no difference between beef raised on hormones and those raised without. This paper delves into the various FDA laws which permit the use of hormones in restricted amounts. The writer of this paper also focuses on the health risks involved with the ingestion of these hormones. Scientists and health experts contend that any increase in the level of hormones, above that which occurs naturally in humans, carries a potential risk of carcinogenic effects.

From the Paper
"Beginning in the 1970's the United State's meat industry began using hormones to improve the growth rate of animals in an effort to conserve time and money. In 1981, the European Union began restricting the use of growth hormones within the Union itself, and also began restricting the import of meat and meat products derived from cattle that had been given hormones. During the past years, the European Union have updated and/or amended its regulations several times, generally to include more hormones, however, for the most part, the regulations have remained the same. The dispute at the World Trade Organization concerns the use of six scientifically approved hormones used for cattle growth promotion, estradiol, melengestrol acetate, progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone acetate, and zeranol."

Tags:beef, industry, health, steroids, eu, canada, conflict

Abstract
Mad Cow Disease is a brain disease of cattle, which was first identified in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s. Although not as widespread as some other livestock diseases, such as hoof-and mouth-disease, the Mad Cow Disease has attracted a lot of publicity because of its apparent apparent ability to transmit to humans, the fact that there is no known cure for the disease and the horrifying nature of the brain decay it causes. This paper explains the cause of the disease, how it affects the organisms, how it is transmitted from one organism to another, and the ways in which it could be transmitted to humans. The paper also discusses the human equivalents of the disease.

Paper Outline:
Cause of the Disease
How the Disease Affects the Organism
How is the Disease Transmitted from one Organism to Another
The Ways in Which it Could be Transmitted from Cows to Humans
Human Equivalents of the Disease
Works Cited

From the Paper
"This theory about the spread of disease is based on the observation that incidences of the disease have mostly been found in the UK where feeding of meat and bone meal to cattle was most common. Although other European countries also fed meat and bone meals to cattle as a protein supplement, the British laws about high temperature sterilization of the protein meal were relatively lax in order to keep meat prices competitive."

Tags:Creutzfeldt-Jakob, CJD, BSE, prion

Abstract
This paper explores the social, economic and political consequences of beef, as depicted in Jeremy Rifkin's "Beyond Beef: the Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture".

From the Paper
"This research paper consists of a summary and review of Jeremy Rifkin's book Beyond Beef.

Rifkin traces the changing but nonetheless central role of cattle as civilization evolved. In ancient cultures, such as that of Egypt, and in the later Roman Mithran cult, the bull was revered as a god and as a symbol of fertility and martial/masculine prowess. The great nomadic tribes of Central Asia valued cattle as possessions, as well as a blood sacrifice to the gods. As the European economies developed and their populations cultivated a taste for beef, cattle became a commodity and an important source of wealth and power. First introduced into the New World by the Spanish, cattle ranching dominated the societies of many Central and South American..."