Abstract
This is a historiography paper that judges the opinions of scholars on the topic of Henry VIII's first divorce from the 1500s to the present. It traces the evolution of religious arguments, feminist criticism, trends in objectivity or subjectivity and the central issues emphasized. Documents used include those written by King Henry VIII himself in justification of his actions, Protestants writing to defeat their church and beliefs against the catholic counter-reformation, a 19th century female scholar more sensitive to Catherine's position and a variety of modern scholars emphasizing the diversity of scholarship available in the present day.

From the Paper
"Authors in the nineteenth century placed greater importance on Henry's desire to have a male heir. Mrs. Hope describes Henry's despair at having Catherine bear him three sons, only for them to die soon after birth . She believes that he knew his only hope for a son lay in divorcing Catherine and marrying a younger wife, even though it would lead to a quarrel with her nephew the Emperor. Hope also finds proof of Henry's desire when, at the birth of Princess Elizabeth in 1533, he expressed disappointment. Writing from a Catholic point of view, it is easier for Hope to reconcile herself with Henry's choices being driven by political ends, then to suggest the King was disappointed with his faith. J.A. Founde agrees that the problem of succession was of utmost importance at the time to Henry. He points out that in the previous century a disputed succession had led to a civil war, and that during Henry's reign people were aware that if the King should die without an heir the war of the Roses might be renewed."

Tags:protestants, heir, catholics, marriage, anne, boleyn

Abstract
There is much debate over whether Catherine the Great was an enlightened despot. This paper discusses that, despite contentions that her policies were enacted to only benefit herself, Catherine the Great studied the works of leading enlightened thinkers so that she could make educated decisions for her country. It explains how Catherine the Great's exact goals as a ruler may be found in her 1766 work, entitled "Instructions to the Commissioners for Composing a New Code of Laws," which references enlightened thinkers of the day and promoted the creation of a free society. Although Catherine the Great did not achieve all of her enlightened goals, she took steps that allowed them to be realized in the future.

From the Paper
"Despite occasional shortcomings, Catherine the Great ruled Russia as a true enlightened despot from 1762 to 1796. During that time, she corresponded with many renowned thinkers of the enlightenment and converted their theories into law. Additionally, she made significant agricultural and scientific reforms, and she attempted to bring equality to Russian society. Although she failed to end serfdom, she promoted the ideals of equality for all under the law. Because of this, Catherine the Great must be considered a dedicated and successful enlightened despot."

Tags:beccaria, code, commissioners, diderot, encyclopedia, enlightenment, montesquieu, revolution, russia, serfdom, serfs, voltaire

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the short story, "Envy; Or, Yiddish in America" by Cynthia Ozick. According to the paper, the story reveals the author's nuanced feelings toward the disappearance of the Yiddish language and culture. The paper discusses how, although on the surface "Envy" seems mostly critical of Yiddish writers-- as if they either are talentless or almost betray the Jewish community--its underlying message is that a once vibrant community has been destroyed to such an extent that its survivors are hopeless unless they are able to escape it. The paper reports that the story is about the need to rebuild in order to preserve at least some aspect of the Yiddish community Ozick loves and respects.

From the Paper
"Ozick structures her essay around the claim that "in order to believe in the real possibility of translation, the translator must believe in certain impossible theses... [which are] important, useful and false" (Metaphor and Memory 200). The first false premise a translator must accept is that poems are "uncovered" rather than translated "because without this belief a translation can never be seen as a thing achieved, concluded finished" (Metaphor and Memory 200). Thus, the hack fails even Ozick's first premise for translation. Although Ozick's essay focuses on poetry, the hack's translation methods stray so far from those suggested by Ozick that it is reasonable to conclude Ozick disapproves of the hack's technique. The hack continues to search for synonyms until Ostrover chooses one to his liking--she strays from Ozick's ideal in which a work is "uncovered" and the translator determines the final form of the work."

Tags:Yiddish assimilation Jewish Judaism, Holocaust Jacob Glatstein Isaac Bashevis Singer Diaspora

Abstract
In this paper, the writer provides the background for modern operations management (OR) and looks at the significance and relevance of operations management to business in this day and age, and to traditional business practices. According to the paper, business would not exist without operations management science and the science of OR remains relevant to business because it continues to evolve.

From the Paper
"In personalizing software usage, Ford is certainly eliminating the need for individual engineers and engineering within their company; now they advanced and exclusive computer generated software. The company, which has been failing for years, is behind General Motors as the second largest automaker in the failing automotive industry in America. However, the impact of an exclusive software engineering agreement for Ford is designed to achieve an expressed corporate goal of producing $7 billion in annual pretax profits..."

Tags:probability observations, supply chain, ford efficiency

Abstract
Ferdinand of Aragon is represented both directly and indirectly in the text. Ferdinand of Aragon is one of the few characters whom Machiavelli openly compliments. However, as the research demonstrates, Ferdinand of Aragon is indirectly mentioned in several instances that contradict the praises openly bestowed upon him. Ferdinand of Aragon is often referred to as Ferdinand the Catholic. The research supports the thesis that when Machiavelli speaks of Ferdinand of Aragon, he his actually expressing his political views about he Catholic Church as a whole. Furthermore, the research demonstrates how Machiavelli uses Ferdinand of Aragon and passages about other prominent figures in the Catholic Church to express ideals regarding the separation of church and state that will eventually lay the ground work for many modern political ideas.

From the Paper
"Prior to the time of Machiavelli, Italy had lived in a period of stability and peace. To many the Catholic Church symbolized this peace. The Catholic Church was the governing force in the area. During the time of Machiavelli, many people began to see the corruption and greed the enveloped the supposedly pious leaders of the time. During the time of Machiavelli, the people began to view the Church as a symbol of greed and corrupt power. However, at that time the Church held so much power that it was dangerous to speak out against the Church. To do so could be dangerous and the person ran the risk of persecution or excommunication.
Many writers of the time wished to express their opinions and the opinions of those who disagreed with the Church. Dante's Inferno is a classic example of this technique. In this work the characters on the road to Hell embodied principles, rather than the actual persons represented. The ideals were hidden metaphorically in the characteristics and lives of the characters. Machiavelli used this technique also and Ferdinand of Aragon is one of the primary examples of the use of metaphor to describe the Catholic Church."

Tags:catholic, church, constitution

Abstract
The paper discusses the article, "Catherine de Medicis and the Performance of Political Motherhood," written by Catherine Crawford, published in 2000 in the 'Sixteenth Century Journal'. The paper examines the main focus of the text and evaluates that the article is based around the idea that the "position of political prominence" that Catherine de Medicis acquired was due mainly to "her own initiative by presenting herself as a devoted wife, widow and mother as the basis of her political entitlement." The paper explores the idea that the article focuses on the period between the death of Henry II, Catherine's husband and King of France, and the queen's actions aimed at securing her son's rights to the throne and keeping it away from the dangers of the rivalries between the noble families.

From the Paper
"Catherine de Medicis and the Performance of Political Motherhood was written by Catherine Crawford and published in 2000 in the Sixteenth Century Journal. The main focus of the text in question is placed on the development of the idea of the "position of political prominence" that Catherine de Medicis acquired was due mainly to "her own initiative by presenting herself as a devoted wife, widow and mother as the basis of her political entitlement" . Crawford argues that Catherine's wise decision not to oppose the traditional place widowed queen mothers held in French dynasties during the coming of age of their sons was precisely the factor that contributed essentially to her entitlement of authority during the reign of her three sons who became kings. In other words, the article focuses on the period between the death of Henry II, Catherine's husband and king of France and the queen's actions aimed at securing her son's rights to the throne and keeping it away from the dangers of the rivalries between the noble families; in addition, Crawford points out a rather insignificant account of the Venetian ambassador to the French court in 1551, Lorenzo Contarini, who claimed that Catherine offered to "retire to a convent or otherwise step aside to allow Henry to remarry of the king should wish it". She was of course declined by her father-in-low, according to the ambassador. Crawford then argues that this way of making an entrance as the queen, or at lest the mere pretence that she did offer to step aside because of her lack of children at the time she was to become queen of France should attract the attention of those who are interested in distinguishing fact from fiction. Moreover, in Crawford's vision, Contarini's tale, true or false, seven years after it was supposed to have happened, raises questions regarding the very aim of telling such a story. The fact that the story had a true base or not becomes in Crawford's view secondary since the very rumor that the queen acted like that was enough to create her an image of a woman who understood her place and put the interests of her country above her own. This will be the starting point for the development of her "carrier" and queen and queen mother."

Tags:focus, text, development, idea

Abstract
In the novel "Wuthering Heights" by Emily Bronte, the lives of all the characters are affected in some aspect by Catherine Earnshaw. The paper explores how she possesses a certain power over the inhabitants of Wuthering Heights as well as those of Thrushcross Grange and how she influences the events that occur at these two residences. The paper shows how the predominance of Catherine even surpasses her earthly life-- her memory lingers in the minds of those who love her and is as powerful as she herself is when she is alive. From beginning to end, "Wuthering Heights" is dominated by Catherine Earnshaw.

From the Paper
"This undying love for Catherine is shared by Heathcliff, who arrives at Thrushcross Grange after a disappearance of three years, ignoring the fact that Catherine is married. Though Edgar resents his being in his house, Heathcliff frequently visits Catherine at the Grange until he and Edgar have a fight and he is banned from seeing Catherine. Nevertheless, Heathcliff, with help from Nelly, secretly meets with her one last time. They talk of their love for one another, asking forgiveness for all of the wrongs they imposed upon one another. When Catherine accuses him of forgetting her someday, Heathcliff replies, " . . . you know that I could as soon forget you as my existence!" (156). Holding Catherine tightly and realizing that he is losing her to the one force to which his vengeance means nothing, Heathcliff cries in despair, "Oh, Cathy! Oh, my life! How can I bear it?" (156). Catherine dies early the next morning and is buried in a corner or the kirkyard near the moors she and Heathcliff loved so much."

Tags:Heathcliff, Edgar, Linton, Nelly, Hareton

Abstract
This paper examines the career of Catherine the Great, the Empress of Russia and the woman who dragged Russia into modernity. Specifically, this essay looks at her reformist policies, her cultural contributions, her personal life (for this has often been the area her critics have used to denounce her) and her imperishable contributions to westernizing Russia. The paper concludes that Catherine the Great was a quintessential feminist ruler who probably had no conception of what such a term meant; in her view, she simply sought to rescue Russia from its own backwardness whilst simultaneously charting an independent path that, on occasion, brought her into conflict with the morals and expectations of her age.

From the Paper
"This essay will examine the career of Catherine the Great, the Empress of Russia and the woman who dragged Russia into modernity. Specifically, this essay will look at her reformist policies, her cultural contributions, her personal life (for this has often been the area her critics have used to denounce her) and her imperishable contributions to westernizing Russia. In the end, Catherine the Great was a quintessential feminist ruler who probably had no conception of what such a term meant; in her view, she simply sought to rescue Russia from its own backwardness whilst..."

Tags:policies, westernization, russia

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of the life and contribution of St Catherine to the time when Italy was ridden with plague, schism and political and religious turmoil. It especially discusses the importance of her letters which were St. Catherine's trademark - powerful and effective letters that proved that her hope in the Lord is never in vain.

From the Paper
"Catherine Benincasa was born in 1347 in Siena, just as the Renaissance era was beginning (Jrgensen, 1938). She was a generous, happy child, whose life was inspired by a remarkable experience, which most likely determined her vocation. One day, she was walking with her brother when she stopped still in the road, looking up into the sky.

She did not hear the calls of her brother, who had walked on ahead. Only after he came back and grabbed her by the hand did she snap out of her trance and burst into tears. She had seen a vision of Christ seated in glory with the Apostles Peter, Paul, and John, which inspired her to dedicate her life to God."

Tags:god, letter, italy, religion, catholic, church

Abstract
This paper examines the play "A Man for All Seasons" and focuses on integrity and how integrity plays a major role in the play including using the characters Sir Thomas More, King Henry VIII and Richard Rich as examples.

From the Paper
" A Man for All Seasons is a book written about the life and times of King Henry VIII of England. The story revolves around the King's decision to seek approval from the Pope first to marry his brother's widow Catherine of Aragon and later ..."

Tags:play, man for all seasons, integrity, thomas more, sir, saint, catholicism, church of england, cromwell, Henry Viii, Catherine or Aragon, treason, perjury