Abstract
This paper focuses upon two classic texts as the foundation of the discussion of youth as a disciplinary category that services social control purposes: J.D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye" and A. Burgess' "A Clockwork Orange". The paper highlights how in each of these texts, the young protagonists rebel against the constraints created by society, to varying degrees of success. The paper also analyzes how these books consider the stereotypes associated with youth and the youthful desire to construct an existence characterized by freedom.

Outline:
Introduction
Youth as a Disciplinary Category
The Youth as Monster
The Youth as a Hero
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Examples of youth as a disciplinary category that services social control purposes may be found throughout society, such as laws that limit a youth's ability to drive, drive, vote and participate in the military. Often, these measures are justified based upon perceived limitations associated with children. For example, youths are not believed to be emotionally responsible enough to have sex. They are protected by parents from serving in wars because parents way to preserve their innocents. Youths are similarly prevented from smoking or drinking until particular ages because they are not believed to be capable of making the choice before these predetermined dates.
"These barriers prevent youths from qualifying as whole, complete members of society, allowing youths to therefore be controlled and manipulated by others. This leads to one of two views of children. First, children may be viewed as monsters that must be controlled by society until they are mature enough to act responsibly. Secondly, youths may be viewed as innocents who are distinct from adults because they have not yet been touched by experience. The first view paints the youth as a danger to society. The second views the child as a victim in need of protection and adults as ultimately dark and dangerous."

Tags:juvenile, justice, society, freedom

Abstract
The paper discusses how the category of teenager created a scientific concern for the implementation of social roles which had to be realised through newly compulsory secondary education. Further, the paper explains how the new 'teenagers' were encouraged to make choices for themselves, however limited by the frame of conventional gender roles. Finally, the paper shows how distinctive femininities and masculinities emerging from the new category of youth appeared threatening to social order but were soon exploited for their commercial potential.

From the Paper
"It is in very specific historical conditions that the emergence of the category of 'teenager' was rendered possible in post-war Australia. After the confrontation of individualism and totalitarianism had left a world in which youth was the hope for a different future, a general sense of progress and the promise that desires could be realised accompanied the celebration of the 'modern', embodied by the new department stores making mass-produced goods available to the gaze of all (Johnson 1993, p.48). In this context of prosperity, a new age of life had now time to emerge in the transition between childhood and adulthood: adolescence. It became recognised among psychologists that the period from 12 to 16 years old was a critical stage in the life of an individual (Faye 1998, p.350), 'a period of immaturity and plasticity' (Johnson 1993, p.57)."

Tags:rock, n', roll, femininity, masculinity, social, order, delinquency

Abstract
The paper looks at two works by Immanuel Kant: "Critique of Pure Reason" and "The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics". The writer first defines the term category and takes a step-by-step look at the possible categories Kant uses in his discussions and their implications.

Table of Contents:
A Priori
Intuition and Intuitive Knowledge
Space and Time
Experience
On Category

From the Paper
"Kant refers to the categories either implicitly or explicitly in support of his theory of knowledge throughout much of his discussions in the Critique of Pure Reason and the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. To isolate the categories or the notion of category from the context of other central issues mentioned in these texts is a difficult task, particularly to one whose study of Kant has only very recently begun. However, such a task I have set myself to do. Drawing from several secondary sources and from the original texts previously mentioned, I shall try to make clear what Kant means by category and how this notion fits in with his overall theory of knowledge."

Tags:knowledge, intuition, discussions, experience, metaphysics

Abstract
This essay looks at three articles on feminism and feminist ideas, the writers of which all have diverse backgrounds and life experiences, and write in different styles. The essays deal with themes of women and women's rights and the difficulty of categorizing women in one group.

From the Paper
" Marie de Gournay was a 17th century French feminist. During that time the women position in the society was that of a second-class citizen. She states this problem early in the very persuasive, calmly and reasonably written "The Equality of Men and Women". "

Tags:women, universal, feminism

Abstract
This paper examines Aristotle's first five chapters or categories, paying particular attention to the second, which categorizes the essential things that can be said to exist into four distinct subsets regarding what one might call their subjectivity, and the fifth, in which the author and
philosopher characterizes the subjects about which he writes in a manner that is both cryptic and simple.

From the Paper
"The division of beings in this section is said to be related to the subject of the being, as it is opposed to the subject the being that is alternately classified as "in a subject." What Aristotle is doing in this section of the Categories is dividing the essential reality of things, or their existence, into four separate classes. Each of these classes has its limitations and parameters, but not all of them are mutually exclusive, which makes
this passage difficult to understand from the first reading: it initially appears that the philosopher is listing some things, such as "an individual man" in many different categories at once, rather than separating them. This example is give as being both of a subject and neither in nor of a subject, but it is done so in a way that makes an individual man appear at first to be the classifying parameters of "of a subject," rather than open to many categories at once, synchronously, or synonymously. The philosopher gives examples of each category or class of things that exist, but it is my opinion that he could have been more clear in differentiating these definitions, rather than proposing some that exist in many categories."

Tags:text, semantic, grammatical, logic, corollary, mathematical, ethics, paradigm, understanding

Abstract
This paper examines how, in many contemporary criminology texts, theories concerning criminal behavior are generally classified according to some biological, psychological, or sociological perspective. It looks at how, in recent years, however, several theories of criminal behavior have appeared that make such simple categories inadequate for the complexities that have been identified in such analysis and how these new behavioral theories have specifically combined both biological and social environmental variables in their explanations of people's varying tendencies to commit crime. It reviews nine such categories of criminal behavior, followed by an analysis and summary of the research in the conclusion.

Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion.
Classical
Psychobiological
Sociological
Conflict
Emergent
Biological
Psychological
Social-Psychological
Phenomenological
Conclusion

From the Paper
"This category of crime holds that criminal behavior is caused by exercise of free will and criminal responsibility. The classical theory of criminal behavior was prevalent prior to "modern" criminology's search for the causes of crime, which did not begin until the nineteenth century. Classical theory did not attempt to explain why people commit crime but was rather a strategy for administering justice according to rational principles (Garland, 1985). Classical theory was based on assumptions about how people living in the emerging historical period of seventeenth-century Europe, called the "Classical period" or "Enlightenment era," began to reject the traditional idea that people were fixed social types (e.g., landed gentry and serfs) with vastly different rights and privileges."

Tags:delinquency, felony, juvenile, penology, prison, recidivism

Abstract
This paper first hypothesizes that although women in the highest educational categories do suffer from the largest wage gap, that gap is steadily decreasing along with average monetary earnings increasing. The paper relates that it was found through regression analysis that the average monetary income of women with a college education is increasing. However, the paper also reveals that findings showed that the decreasing gap is not at the speed previously thought, and actually is in fact declining at a lower rate than women without college educations. The paper notes another disturbing finding from this study; the continuous decline in average monetary wages of those women without college educations.

Tags:economics, gender, education

Abstract
This is a short assessment of Gilbert Ryle's "Concept of Mind". Ryle stands as one of analytic's philosophy's pioneers in the field of philosophy of mind, and critiques Rene Descartes' claims of the mind as immaterial "thinking thing". Ryle's critique through the use of his "Category Mistake", forms a prototypical example of analytic philosophy's reassessment of traditional philosophical issues and warrants investigation.

From the Paper
"The problem of mind has been one of great importance to philosophy throughout its history. In his work The Concept of Mind, Gilbert Ryle establishes his perspective on this issue. Ryle contrasts his conclusions with French philosopher Rene Descartes, accusing Descartes of what he calls a "category mistake". Ryle's justification for this judgement comes from what he identifies as differences in logic between mental and physical words. The concepts we use in our language represent the reality of the mental and physical world in different ways. It is because of this conclusion, that Ryle asserts that the mind is not in fact a substance. In this essay, I will examine Ryle's understanding of the logic of mental words and the category mistake. Then, we must see how this criticism fares against Descartes "substance model" of mind. Finally, Ryle's own behaviorism must be checked for any errors that would cause it to be a poor alternative to the dualist model of mind. Only then can we determine if Ryle has been successful in his critique of Descartes."

Tags:analytic, category, linguistic, mistake, philosophy

Abstract
This paper explores how national brands (NBs) can effectively compete against private labels (PLs) in the marketplace, and focuses on comprehending exactly how retailer and category characteristics affect competition between the PLs and NBs. Research questions in this study are: (1) What factors influence the success of a private label brand?; (2) How do category characteristics moderate the relationship between these factors and national brand success?; and (3) How do retailer characteristics moderate the relationship between these factors and national brand success? The paper outlines the methodology employed in this study and includes recommendations for future research.

Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapters 3,4,5 : Findings
Chapter 6: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Stated to be in agreement is the work of Bonfrer and Chintagunta (2004) who state findings that "store-loyal consumers are more likely to buy PLs." (in: Ailawadi, Pauwels and Steenkamp, 2008) The causality manner of operating between PL use and store loyalty results in a difference in the implications for retailers. State second is that there may be a nonlinear relationship or even a nonmonotonic relationship. The work of Ailawadi and Harlam (2004) is related to have stated findings that "...medium PL users contribute more than light users or nonusers of PLs to retailer sales and profits, but heavy PL users contribute less than medium users." (Ailawadi, Pauwels and Steenkamp, 2008) Corstjens and Lal (2000) relates that the PLs ability to increase loyalty to the store is a model that id "predicated on a 'balance' between consumers who prefer PLs and those who prefer NBs." (Ailawadi, Pauwels and Steenkamp, 2008) Therefore it is important to comprehend the "nature of nonlinearity in the effects of PL use on store loyalty and vice versa, if retailers are to make smart decisions about whether and how much to push PL." (Ailawadi, Pauwels and Steenkamp, 2008)"

Tags:consumer, price, quality, store, loyalty

Abstract
This paper reviews the key texts of the Frankfurt School on the sociology of culture. It also discusses Jurgen Habermas' writings on the subject, particularly in "The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society." Finally, it discusses the works of French critical theorists such as Guy Debord, Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, and Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari and examines the ways in which the Frankfurt School impacted their thought.

From the Paper
"The French radical philosophers and sociologists built upon the foundation laid by the Frankfurt School in developing their own critique of culture. They extended the Frankfurt School theorists' attack on mass culture, liberal tolerance, and the decay of the public sphere to include such key areas a language, discourse, and the psyche. Thus, it can be said that the French theorists were much more interested in the ways in which culture played out on the semiotic or symbolic level. Debord's Society of the Spectacle articulated the fact that no true social interactions could take place, as all interactions are now mediated. Foucault introduced the notion of discourse as a tool for maintaining power-as-knowledge via specialization in the professional realm. In a similar vein, Bourdieu's analysis of language was meant to show us "our place" in the social sphere. He connected language with what he deemed "symbolic capital"; just as Foucault linked knowledge with currency, Bourdieu would assert that those in possession of "symbolic capital" were the same who possessed enough power to perform acts of "symbolic violence" against those with less symbolic capital. But the greatest destabilization would come from Deleuze and Guattari, who would reject the Freudian-Marxist axis upon which the Frankfurt School theory had developed altogether in favor of a whole new freedom that would be based on the libidinal flow of desire."

Tags:Bourgeois, public, tolerance, relations