Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the traits of order and categorization, without which society cannot function, are especially prominent in the Victorian society in which 'The French Lieutenant's Woman' is set. The writer points out that the Victorian era is an outstanding example of when categorization was taken to the extreme, almost completely suppressing the socially and scientifically inexplicable instead of incorporating it into a system as had been done in religion and superstition. The writer discusses that Fowles' experimentation with the most fundamental elements of the Victorian novel (for instance with their endings) clearly indicates that he actually uses his image of Sarah to highlight the limitations he suffers in his own position as author with an equal weight. The writer notes that Fowles shows, through his exploration of the categorization of the individual and the external world, and his evasion of authorial convention, that the problems of excessive categorization are just as much of a problem for the author himself - not just the world around him.

From the Paper
"That which makes The French Lieutenant's Woman most radical and arguably post-modern, however, is that Fowles goes beyond the implicit existentialism of modernist literature and becomes directly self-reflexive. He tackles the idea of unnecessary categorization far more directly by exploring it in his own position as author. Fowles demonstrates this in his unwillingness to be limited by basic premises of narrative of the conventional novel. Interruptions to the narrative, denial of authorial omniscience, moving backwards and forwards in time as easily as in the imagination - these are all attempts by Fowles to avoid being pinned down. The Victorian crusade of categorization, it seems, was still evident in the need for a 'second wave' of feminism in the 1960s - excessive categorization, while already established as a problem by some Victorians, required a 'second' wave for the internalization of this change in attitude."

Tags:Victorians, order, Sarah, Woodruff, categorize

Abstract
This research proposal aims to explore the link between categorization and prejudice within the social cognition perspective. It utilizes a multiple, or inter-sectional, approach to social cognition research and looks at three separate yet complementary aspects of social identity - race, gender and age. The paper aims to render a more nuanced account of stereotyping and the social-cognitive context in which these prejudices are enacted.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Aim
Project Description
Methodology
Participants
Stimulus Materials
Procedure
Choice of Methods for Observation

From the Paper
"The complexity of this intersectional research project involves a large number of operational variables. It is felt that by situating the project in a research laboratory environment and controlling for the age and race of the participants, a more accurate picture of automatic prejudice can be rendered. The laboratory is also well-suited to the restrictive timeframe being placed on participant responses, as well as the need for participant isolation and anonymity. It is hoped that these mechanisms will aid in eliciting automatic rather than conscious responses from the participants."

Tags:variables, participants, discrimination

Abstract
This is a research proposal that designs a laboratory test to evaluate the degree of automatic prejudice experienced by participants. It seeks to introduce an intersectional approach to cognitive social research, by using three independent variables grouped by race, gender and age. It details methodology, materials, rationale, expected results and the goal of research.

From the Paper
"This research proposal aims at exploring the link between categorization and prejudice within the social cognition perspective. Although much work has been done on exploring the link between categorization, or stereotyping, and prejudice, these research projects have tended to focus on only one aspect of social identity to the exclusion of other complexities (i.e. black person, instead of black, married, elderly female). This research proposal will aim to add more complexity to the field by utilizing a multiple, or intersectional,..."

Tags:prejudice, stereotyping, research

Abstract
This paper explores prototype theory further showing how the human mind processes information into mental categories. First, the paper gives a brief overview of this theory and presents examples. Next, in contrast to prototype theories, the paper describes so-called exemplar theory which suggests that learning proceeds from specific examples. The paper further notes that exemplar theory has also been called 'cloud' theory in that each category of exemplars is represented in memory by a cloud of remembered exemplars. The paper closes with a discussion of the difficulties in testing prototype theory against exemplar theory .

From the Paper
"But according to prototype theory, boundaries of categories are more fuzzy and pliable by virtue of necessity (Green, 2000, p.301). It seems an "almost common-sense notion that, as an organism, what one wishes to gain from one's categories is a great deal of information about the environment while conserving finite resources as much as possible," and to be cognitively efficient, categories must be both specific enough to reflect all essential information and general enough not to overwhelm the classificatory consumer with irrelevancies" (Green, 2000, p.302). Too many categories results in a waste of needless cognitive space that is why "a category's mental representation is based on a prototypical exemplar or prototype" that does not strive to subsume all of the aspects of every conceivable example, only the most salient aspects of the categorical components (Dopkins & Gleason, 1997, p.1). Another example might be how, "the representation for the BIRD category might be based on ROBIN. To decide whether an entity is a member of category, one compares it to the category's prototype," and asks if an ostrich sufficiently resembles a robin..."

Tags:perceptual dimensions, cognitive theories, memory, generalization

Abstract
This paper describes some of the early "scientific" intelligent tests and how the scientists performing these tests either falsified data or their findings in order to achieve the desired results. The paper also describes tests where scientists either didn't use proper methods for obtaining data or used faulty reasoning to keep their theory believable. Finally, the paper concludes that, while today's intelligence tests are not flawed as they were in the past, in the past scientists often came to many conclusive statements unscientifically.

From the Paper
"It's 11:00 PM; Channel 7 News reports of a comet heading towards earth; could this be the end of the world? After pulling the attention of all nearby viewers, they continue with the news, only to leave this story to be the last of the night. It turns out that in the year 2443, a comet will come within 10 miles from Earth, possibly impacting. Bending the truth is a common way to draw the attention of gullible or curious individuals. Such is the case with many early scientists mentioned in Stephen Jay Gould's The Mismeasure of Man. Many of the scientists in The Mismeasure of Man worked unscientifically; some used false data to enhance the appeal of their findings to the scientific community, while some others just simply did not test accurately or used poor data."

Tags:goddard, bean, immigrant, blacks, whites, scientific, racist, prejudices, false, brain

Abstract
This work deals with Kant's understanding of the basis for moral actions taken from his work entitled "The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals." He believes that there is one criterion for moral obligation which he refers to as the "categorical imperative." A large part of this essay discusses the four ways in which this "categorical imperative" can be formulated.

From the Paper
"In presenting the one criterion for moral obligation, Immanuel Kant first rejects other moral traditions before his time: among them, the virtue theory, which bases morality on good character traits; and the consequential theory, which bases it on the consequences of actions. In response, he argues that moral actions are based only on a "supreme principle of morality," one that is objective, rational and freely chosen -- which he called the categorical imperative."

Tags:Kant, Categorical, Imperative, morality, obligation, objective, formula

Abstract
This paper agrees with Kant that the Categorical Imperative is very different from the Golden Rule. The author believes that the Categorical Imperative is clearly independent of the sentiment regarding the self; whereas, the Golden Role's moral strength comes directly from, and is dependent on, a sentiment regarding the self. The author concludes that the Golden Rule seems much more consistent with the irrational mess that is human morality and behavior and is an invaluable and simple tool for guiding moral decisions than is the Categorical Imperative.

From the Paper
"Kant himself more succinctly states his Categorical Imperative as "Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law." Under Kant's Categorical Imperative, an action can only be considered moral if it fulfills three important criteria. First, the action must be judged to be universally acceptable. Second, the action must be judged to respect the dignity of persons. Finally, the judged action must be acceptable to rational people. Further, the Categorical Imperative must always be followed regardless of individual self-interest."

Tags:moral, sentiment, self, rational, acceptable

Abstract
This paper explains Kant's categorical imperative, and how it can create a system that can be utilized globally despite religious differences, while upholding the core values of Christianity. The writer lists some of the scandals that have plagued Merrill Lynch and then argues that by applying Kant's principles and formulating an ethical code to oversee all transactions based on Kant's categorical imperative, a stronger, more efficient, dependable company would emerge. A number of suggestions on how to effect this are provided, and the paper concludes by noting that Kant's principles can benefit any individual, corporation, or society.

From the Paper
"At the core of Kant's categorical imperative is the formulation that all humans should treat one another as an end and never as a means. Through the characterization of Christian principles, Kant turns out a system of ethics based on respect. All humans deserve respect and merit because they are all endowed with reasoning, free will, and thinking ability. If an individual values this reasoning in himself but not others, then he has undermined the principle all together; thus, creating a contradictory will. This theory by Kant asserts that reasoning is the same for all rational beings because it is self- recognized and internalized. The emphasis should be placed on Kant's choice of ''rational beings''."

Tags:fraud banker investment, Martha Stewart, Enron illegal mortgage

Abstract
This paper is centrally interested in the definition of "objectivity" in the work of E. Kant, particularly in relation to his first first and second formulations of the categorical imperative. This paper explores the conventional interpretation of the notion of objectivity, and then offers a modernized understanding of the term.

From the Paper
"This essay holds that the application of the first and second formulations of Kant's moral doctrine the categorical imperative the purpose of which is to determine the morality of human action can and must be applied in conjunction. When applied in conjunction, it is shown that the two formulations prohibit and enjoin the same actions for the same reason. First, this essay explores the conventional interpretation of the first and second formulations of the categorical imperative. After mentioning the primary fault of this interpretation namely, the confusion surrounding the interpretation of the terms "objective" or "objectivity" a new interpretation is suggested."

Tags:philosophy, Neptune, Kantian, euthanasia

Abstract
This paper looks at representativeness heuristics and at availability heuristics, provide examples of both, and outline how the use of such heuristics often leads to inaccurate conclusions. At the same time, the paper also looks at why it cannot be said that the application of heuristics by human beings immediately makes people "irrational" in some fundamental sense.

From the Paper
"When taking into account the concept of heuristics and the various limitations the authors delineate, it is actually rather hard to countenance the idea that heuristics generally leads to true conclusions. For one thing, turning momentarily to availability heuristics, even when someone is aware of their basis and makes a conscious effort to correct it, they often over-compensate - and that even rudimentary efforts at over-compensation appears to be relatively rare. For instance, the Nisbett and Ross report that "simple, tempting, availability criteria are used in contexts in which availability and frequency are poorly correlated.""

Tags:frequency limitations, goodness to fit, categorization faulty