Abstract The paper looks at two works by Immanuel Kant: "Critique of Pure Reason" and "The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics". The writer first defines the term category and takes a step-by-step look at the possible categories Kant uses in his discussions and their implications.
Table of Contents:
A Priori
Intuition and Intuitive Knowledge
Space and Time
Experience
On Category
From the Paper "Kant refers to the categories either implicitly or explicitly in support of his theory of knowledge throughout much of his discussions in the Critique of Pure Reason and the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. To isolate the categories or the notion of category from the context of other central issues mentioned in these texts is a difficult task, particularly to one whose study of Kant has only very recently begun. However, such a task I have set myself to do. Drawing from several secondary sources and from the original texts previously mentioned, I shall try to make clear what Kant means by category and how this notion fits in with his overall theory of knowledge."
Abstract This paper examines how, in many contemporary criminology texts, theories concerning criminal behavior are generally classified according to some biological, psychological, or sociological perspective. It looks at how, in recent years, however, several theories of criminal behavior have appeared that make such simple categories inadequate for the complexities that have been identified in such analyses and how these new behavioral theories have specifically combined both biological and social environmental variables in their explanations of people's varying tendencies to commit crime. It reviews nine such categories of criminal behavior, followed by an analysis and summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper "This category of crime holds that criminal behavior is caused by exercise of free will and criminal responsibility. The classical theory of criminal behavior was prevalent prior to "modern" criminology's search for the causes of crime, which did not begin until the nineteenth century. Classical theory did not attempt to explain why people commit crime but was rather a strategy for administering justice according to rational principles (Garland, 1985). Classical theory was based on assumptions about how people living in the emerging historical period of seventeenth-century Europe, called the "Classical period" or "Enlightenment era," began to reject the traditional idea that people were fixed social types (e.g., landed gentry and serfs) with vastly different rights and privileges."
Abstract This paper examines Aristotle's first five chapters or categories, paying particular attention to the second, which categorizes the essential things that can be said to exist into four distinct subsets regarding what one might call their subjectivity, and the fifth, in which the author and
philosopher characterizes the subjects about which he writes in a manner that is both cryptic and simple.
From the Paper "The division of beings in this section is said to be related to the subject of the being, as it is opposed to the subject the being that is alternately classified as "in a subject." What Aristotle is doing in this section of the Categories is dividing the essential reality of things, or their existence, into four separate classes. Each of these classes has its limitations and parameters, but not all of them are mutually exclusive, which makes
this passage difficult to understand from the first reading: it initially appears that the philosopher is listing some things, such as "an individual man" in many different categories at once, rather than separating them. This example is give as being both of a subject and neither in nor of a subject, but it is done so in a way that makes an individual man appear at first to be the classifying parameters of "of a subject," rather than open to many categories at once, synchronously, or synonymously. The philosopher gives examples of each category or class of things that exist, but it is my opinion that he could have been more clear in differentiating these definitions, rather than proposing some that exist in many categories."
Abstract This is a short assessment of Gilbert Ryle's "Concept of Mind". Ryle stands as one of analytic's philosophy's pioneers in the field of philosophy of mind, and critiques Rene Descartes' claims of the mind as immaterial "thinking thing". Ryle's critique through the use of his "Category Mistake", forms a prototypical example of analytic philosophy's reassessment of traditional philosophical issues and warrants investigation.
From the Paper "The problem of mind has been one of great importance to philosophy throughout its history. In his work The Concept of Mind, Gilbert Ryle establishes his perspective on this issue. Ryle contrasts his conclusions with French philosopher Rene Descartes, accusing Descartes of what he calls a "category mistake". Ryle's justification for this judgement comes from what he identifies as differences in logic between mental and physical words. The concepts we use in our language represent the reality of the mental and physical world in different ways. It is because of this conclusion, that Ryle asserts that the mind is not in fact a substance. In this essay, I will examine Ryle's understanding of the logic of mental words and the category mistake. Then, we must see how this criticism fares against Descartes "substance model" of mind. Finally, Ryle's own behaviorism must be checked for any errors that would cause it to be a poor alternative to the dualist model of mind. Only then can we determine if Ryle has been successful in his critique of Descartes."
Abstract This paper explains that studies have examined the way the human mind categorizes objects and acquires conceptual ideas of graded structure by (1) central tendencies defined as the level to which one item in a category relates to other items in the same category or by (2) other factors, such as ideals and personal experience. The author points out that in one reviewed study the concept is defined as items having a 'family resemblance', or the idea that members of a certain category have attributes which overlap those of other members in the same category. It concludes, after examining three specific studies and the literature review, that the organization of graded structure is one of great complexity.
From the Paper "One study which examined how categories are structured was the 1975 study at the University of California at Berkley, which consisted of six separate experiments. Researchers Rosch and Mervis hypothesized that the members of any category which are considered to be most prototypical, or those that serve as the basis for other categorizations, are those members that have more in common with other members of their category. The researchers sought to show that members of a category come to be viewed as prototypical of that category to the extent that they share attributes with the other members of the category,"
A look at the history of transport as divided into four categories - those that travel by wheels, those that travel by rails, those that travel by water, and those that travel by air.
Abstract This paper discusses these categories and shows how both current and past transportation systems fit into these four categories. It also looks at how changing technology and the changing needs of society alters the forms of these transportation systems, but not the basic means by which they travel. It concludes that the four categories remain the same, while vehicles in each continue to develop.
From the Paper "Firstly, it is necessary to define the term transport and the transportation systems that are being referred to. The term transport is defined as "to carry from one place to another" (The American Heritage Dictionary). It is also necessary to distinguish between transport and transportation systems. For example, a ladder and an escalator are means of transport, as they allows people or goods to travel from one place to another. These are not, however, transportation systems. Transportation systems are means of transport created for the mass transport of people or goods. This definition includes all the forms of transport that are used to transport people over varying distances but excludes the transports such as the ladder and the escalator, since they are not a means of mass transport. It also excludes those means of transport that are not created."
Examiens how gender-based research has responded to the proliferation of identity categories which have emerged in the past decade, using two articles as examples.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, 2002, $ 44.95
Abstract In comparing two articles which attempt to account for "sex discrimination" (Glick et al., 1988) and "gender recognition" (Rabow and Wolfinger, 1997), I will be focusing here on the ways psychological research has developed its own conceptual operationalization for identity categories. In other words, how is the category of gender being represented in-relation to sex?
Abstract This paper details a study that replicates the classic Brown-Peterson experiment on proactive inhibition. The study looks at the release mechanism, through using short word lists and distractors. In the study, subjects are exposed to repeated trials of words in the same semantic category, which produces proactive inhibition. The paper demonstrates how when the semantic category is changed on the last trial, the proactive inhibition is released.
Abstract This paper describes the categories of biological agents that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified as posing a significant bioterrorism risk. The paper points out that botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum has been tagged by the CDC as being in the highest risk category because it is easily transmitted from one person to another, possess high morbidity rates and has the potential for widespread panic and public chaos. The paper relates that there is a great challenge to health authorities in distinguishing a naturally-occurring botulism outbreak and one that is the result of a terrorist attack because the botulism symptoms from either scenario are the same.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Clostridium Botulinum and the Botulinum Toxin
Botulism: Background, Pathogenesis and Treatment
Botulism and Bioterrorism
Challenges to Preventing a Botulinum Bioterrorist Attack
Conclusion
From the Paper "Biological agents used in bioterrorism attacks are commonly found in nature but are often scientifically manipulated in order to increase their potency, their antimicrobial resistance and their dispersal factor. In their campaign to sow their seeds of terror, terrorists have increasingly turned to biological warfare because unlike traditional tactics such as nuclear warfare, biological weapons are inconspicuous and often invisible to the human eye. They remain undetected by authorities during their latent or incubation periods as they slowly infect the majority of the population."
Tags:category, clostridium botulinum, nature, dispersal rate, incubation periods
Abstract An analysis of Robert Frost's poem "Desert Places" according to X. J. Kennedy's analytic categories concentrating on imagery, but also demonstrating how Frost weaves poetic elements into an artistic whole merging rhythm, rhyme, and symbol with imagery.
From the Paper "Robert Frost's poem "Desert Places" provides an excellent example of how a poem may be analyzed according to analytic categories devised by X. J. Kennedy. This discussion will primarily concentrate on the imagery of Frost's poem, but will also show how a poetic genius weaves together the various elements of poetry, as defined in Kennedy's analytic categories, to form an artistic whole. What happens in this poem is that other categories such as rhythm, rhyme, and symbol merge with the imagery to create a unique entity -- sixteen lines of lyric verse capable of traveling from the heart and mind of one man to the innermost depths of millions of humans far distant in time and place."
A study of the main categories of risk-- liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and capital risk and how they can impact the viability of a financial institution.
Abstract One of the most fundamental objectives of bank management is maximizing shareholder value. To maximize shareholder value, bank managers must address the risk-return trade off inherent in many of their day-to-day financial transactions. This paper examines the different types of risk which fall into four main categories liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and capital risk and shows how crucial they are to maximizing shareholder value. Examples from real life bank figures are used to illustrate examples.
From the Paper "If a financial institution does not have enough liquid assets, then it is possible that a run on customer withdrawals could not be met. A common scenario in the Great Depression of the 1930?s, an inability to meet withdrawal demand can destroy the reputation of a financial institution. Carrying a disproportionately high liquidity risk has the potential to completely obliterate the good reputation of a financial institution, and ultimately result in the institution closing its doors."
This paper provides a first step in tackling the problem of the lack of visiblity of the SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) in Cumberland County.
Abstract This marketing research study identifies appropriate target markets for future attempts to increase the visibility of the Society, by identifying specific categories of segmentation. Following careful review of secondary data sources obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, careful "a priori" analysis is used to group residents into various segments. The paper claims that the market segments identified within it will result in a more efficient use of marketing resources for the Cumberland County SPCA. The paper concludes by recommending further research to determine the specific incorporation of these identified segments into a particular marketing strategy.
From the Paper "The Cumberland County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) faces a great challenge in attempting to increase its visibility in the County. Currently, the SPCA does not have a viable or strong public presence. Linda Catalano, the Executive Director of the Cumberland County SPCA feels that the Society is "invisible", and that many residents are unaware of the work of the SPCA."
Abstract This paper is on the job description of an aquatic biologist. It includes the main prospective of the job, how biologists deal with it and what is it all about, the different categories of jobs within the same field, what attracts people to the field of biology, and the requirements to be fulfilled for this job.
This paper discusses George Mosse's "Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism" that traces the manner in which racist categories of thought came to shape European perception and cultural history in the 19th century.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 44.95
Abstract This paper examines Mosse's view of how thinkers such as J.G. Herder, Arthur De Gobineau and Paul De Lagarde contributed to the formulation and dissemination of racist categories of thinking.
A overview of three different approaches to modern feminist art under the categories of "The Body Politic", "The Body Social" and "Decoration vs. Abstraction".
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, 2002, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper will examine three general approaches in modern feminist art by three feminist artists. It will be argued that these feminists assume radically different perspectives with regard to their mediums and objectives. Under the general categories of "the Body Politic" (feminism and politics), "the Body Social" (representations of the human body as a site of conflicting social values) and "Decoration vs. Abstraction" (hierarchical double standards with regard to "male" abstraction and "female" decorative arts), it will be shown how these differences in part reflect the shifting phases of modern feminist art, but more importantly signify the diverse multiplicity of modern feminist art.
