Abstract
This paper examines how, in many contemporary criminology texts, theories concerning criminal behavior are generally classified according to some biological, psychological, or sociological perspective. It looks at how, in recent years, however, several theories of criminal behavior have appeared that make such simple categories inadequate for the complexities that have been identified in such analysis and how these new behavioral theories have specifically combined both biological and social environmental variables in their explanations of people's varying tendencies to commit crime. It reviews nine such categories of criminal behavior, followed by an analysis and summary of the research in the conclusion.

Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion.
Classical
Psychobiological
Sociological
Conflict
Emergent
Biological
Psychological
Social-Psychological
Phenomenological
Conclusion

From the Paper
"This category of crime holds that criminal behavior is caused by exercise of free will and criminal responsibility. The classical theory of criminal behavior was prevalent prior to "modern" criminology's search for the causes of crime, which did not begin until the nineteenth century. Classical theory did not attempt to explain why people commit crime but was rather a strategy for administering justice according to rational principles (Garland, 1985). Classical theory was based on assumptions about how people living in the emerging historical period of seventeenth-century Europe, called the "Classical period" or "Enlightenment era," began to reject the traditional idea that people were fixed social types (e.g., landed gentry and serfs) with vastly different rights and privileges."

Tags:delinquency, felony, juvenile, penology, prison, recidivism

Abstract
This paper examines Aristotle's first five chapters or categories, paying particular attention to the second, which categorizes the essential things that can be said to exist into four distinct subsets regarding what one might call their subjectivity, and the fifth, in which the author and
philosopher characterizes the subjects about which he writes in a manner that is both cryptic and simple.

From the Paper
"The division of beings in this section is said to be related to the subject of the being, as it is opposed to the subject the being that is alternately classified as "in a subject." What Aristotle is doing in this section of the Categories is dividing the essential reality of things, or their existence, into four separate classes. Each of these classes has its limitations and parameters, but not all of them are mutually exclusive, which makes
this passage difficult to understand from the first reading: it initially appears that the philosopher is listing some things, such as "an individual man" in many different categories at once, rather than separating them. This example is give as being both of a subject and neither in nor of a subject, but it is done so in a way that makes an individual man appear at first to be the classifying parameters of "of a subject," rather than open to many categories at once, synchronously, or synonymously. The philosopher gives examples of each category or class of things that exist, but it is my opinion that he could have been more clear in differentiating these definitions, rather than proposing some that exist in many categories."

Tags:text, semantic, grammatical, logic, corollary, mathematical, ethics, paradigm, understanding

Abstract
This paper first hypothesizes that although women in the highest educational categories do suffer from the largest wage gap, that gap is steadily decreasing along with average monetary earnings increasing. The paper relates that it was found through regression analysis that the average monetary income of women with a college education is increasing. However, the paper also reveals that findings showed that the decreasing gap is not at the speed previously thought, and actually is in fact declining at a lower rate than women without college educations. The paper notes another disturbing finding from this study; the continuous decline in average monetary wages of those women without college educations.

Tags:economics, gender, education

Abstract
The paper looks at two works by Immanuel Kant: "Critique of Pure Reason" and "The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics". The writer first defines the term category and takes a step-by-step look at the possible categories Kant uses in his discussions and their implications.

Table of Contents:
A Priori
Intuition and Intuitive Knowledge
Space and Time
Experience
On Category

From the Paper
"Kant refers to the categories either implicitly or explicitly in support of his theory of knowledge throughout much of his discussions in the Critique of Pure Reason and the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. To isolate the categories or the notion of category from the context of other central issues mentioned in these texts is a difficult task, particularly to one whose study of Kant has only very recently begun. However, such a task I have set myself to do. Drawing from several secondary sources and from the original texts previously mentioned, I shall try to make clear what Kant means by category and how this notion fits in with his overall theory of knowledge."

Tags:knowledge, intuition, discussions, experience, metaphysics

Abstract
This paper explains that murder, according to the U.S. Code Section 1122, involves the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought. The author points out that justifiable homicide is an instance in which the accused is treated differently from other intentional killers because the circumstances present a good excuse and exculpation for the killing. The paper concludes that suicide, which is the act of killing one's self, is a major cause of death among Americans, especially young people ages 15-24.

Table of Contents:
Murder
Homicide
Negligent Homicide
Culpable Homicide
Justifiable Homicide
Department of Justice Statistics on Homicides
Homicide and Children
Homicide and Young People
Manslaughter
Voluntary Manslaughter
Involuntary Manslaughter
Infanticide
Female Infanticide
Feticide
Suicide

From the Paper
"And even though the literacy rate in India has improved, the views on sex discrimination as regards prejudice against girls and women shows the country is not yet enlightened. "We have a great task in front of us changing the mindset of parents," Damle writes, away from "cultural myths and beliefs" that keep girls and women from full opportunities due to feticide and infanticide. Mothers often refuse to breast feed their daughters the writer continues, and this neglect affects the girl throughout her whole life."

Tags:girls, fetus, malice, circumstance, psychiatric

Abstract
This paper examines the category of flow that has most changed developing non western nations economically and politically in the age of globalization. The paper argues that true change is most likely to occur when societal attitudes and assumptions are changed. In the case of the contemporary world the spread of capital liberal western ideas has forced a reevaluation in other parts of the world of how their societies are constructed.

From the Paper
"The transmission of cultural ideas and sensibilities has transformed the modern world into its present political-economic system. Indeed, more so than the flow of persons or goods or money between states and between cultures, it has been the transfer of ideas and values that has expanded the dominion of Western nations while weakening the cultural fabric of non-western nations. The following paper will examine reasons for this phenomenon while arguing that only the transfer of a culture and its ideas will lead to profound (and lasting) political-economic change in other lands. In the view of many, the most significant thing that globalization has done is to introduce to the world's outposts (through primarily peaceable means) the ideological and intellectual underpinnings of the dominant western culture. It is, in a sense, imperialism but it is an imperialism the rest of the world seems ready to accept."

Tags:countries, development, ideas

Abstract
Critique of a recent article said to address differences of bone measurement in elderly Americans who were 'white' or 'black' or Hispanic in relation to possibly higher hip fracture rates in "Hispanic" elderly males. Authors never clear on backgrounds/ethnicity described, leave out other minority backgrounds; stress race/ethnicity as main origin of difference as may not be significant, at all; reference to biological features in 'black/whites' and no biological possibility or theory in socalled Hispanics.

From the Paper
Ethnic & Racial Categories in Health Research. Introduction This paper discusses the publication of A.B. Araujo et al (2006) on differences in bone mineral density (BMD) as measured in 1,209 American males described as `Black' or `Hispanic' or `White. The researchers claim that Black men exhibited higher BMD than Hispanic or White men with age-related BMD decreases the greatest in Hispanic men as may help to explain variations in hip fractures according to what is referred to as `race/ethnicity'. (Araujo et al:2006:943) Actually, categories used to denote ancestry or cultural origin do not collapse categories as has been

Tags:osteoporosis, us ethnicity, implications

Abstract
This paper discusses and summarizes Omi and Winant's book on racial differentiation and Somerville's book on sexual categorization. The paper explains that Michael Omi and Howard Winant's work defines racialization while Siobhan Somerville's work take this racial differentiation one step further into gender.

From the Paper
"In order to differentiate the meaningful from the meaningless, human beings establish categories to limit the overwhelming amount of information with which we are constantly bombarded. While categories are necessary and useful, they also result in stereotyping and profiling. In Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s, Michael Omi and Howard Winant describe the process of racialization that provides categories of difference that have an enormous impact on our daily lives and on our society as a whole. Siobhan Somerville takes this racial differentiation to another level in Queering the Color Line and looks at the slotting of homosexuals in the pigeonhole of racialization or scientific racism."

Tags:construct, historical, social, changes, biological, fact, cultural, illusion, order, race, sexuality.

Abstract
Aristotle differed from his teacher, Plato, in his emphasis on the supremacy of observation and on concrete reality. He sought to learn all that was possible about the reality perceivable by the senses, and the logic he developed was an effort directed at this end.

From the Paper
"Aristotle differed from his teacher, Plato, in his emphasis on the supremacy of observation and on concrete reality. He sought to learn all that was possible about the reality perceivable by the senses, and the logic he developed was an effort directed at this end. He sought to develop a universal method of reasoning in order to learn everything possible about reality, and in his Categories he sets out a scheme to describe particular things by identifying them in terms of their properties, states, and activities.


Plato approached the issue of knowledge and found that ideas, as he used the term, are not only something in human consciousness but something outside it as well. Platonic Ideas are subjective and do not depend on human thought but exist entirely in their own right. They are perfect patterns that..."

Abstract
The paper discusses how the category of teenager created a scientific concern for the implementation of social roles which had to be realised through newly compulsory secondary education. Further, the paper explains how the new 'teenagers' were encouraged to make choices for themselves, however limited by the frame of conventional gender roles. Finally, the paper shows how distinctive femininities and masculinities emerging from the new category of youth appeared threatening to social order but were soon exploited for their commercial potential.

From the Paper
"It is in very specific historical conditions that the emergence of the category of 'teenager' was rendered possible in post-war Australia. After the confrontation of individualism and totalitarianism had left a world in which youth was the hope for a different future, a general sense of progress and the promise that desires could be realised accompanied the celebration of the 'modern', embodied by the new department stores making mass-produced goods available to the gaze of all (Johnson 1993, p.48). In this context of prosperity, a new age of life had now time to emerge in the transition between childhood and adulthood: adolescence. It became recognised among psychologists that the period from 12 to 16 years old was a critical stage in the life of an individual (Faye 1998, p.350), 'a period of immaturity and plasticity' (Johnson 1993, p.57)."

Tags:rock, n', roll, femininity, masculinity, social, order, delinquency