Abstract
In this paper, the core arguments for a geographical historiography in the Mediterranean have been defined through Braudel's long-term history on the developments of technologies and adaptations for the inhabitants of the Mediterranean due to catastrophes and their associated social affections on civilization. By analyzing the opposing arguments against this form of geographical determinism, the historiography of Horden and Purcell detail the often-humanistic influences on culture that detail a lesser reliance on geography through "microevents."

From the Paper
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Tags:history, argument, place

Abstract
Discusses the Great Fire of Peshtigo, Wisconsin in 1871. Compares it to the Great Chicago Fire of the same night. Analyzes the origins, consequences and aftermath of the Peshtigo fire. Damage, death toll, injuries, destruction of farmland and timberland. Causes as natural and manmade. Relief efforts. Development of new fire policies on fighting and prevention.

From the Paper
"GREAT PESHTIGO FIRE OF 1871
This research paper chronicles the great fire which destroyed the village of Peshtigo in northeastern Wisconsin on October 8, 1871 and analyzes its origins, consequences and aftermath.

Introduction
During the late evening of Sunday, October 8, 1871, a great forest fire destroyed the village of Peshtigo, Wisconsin and went on to wreck havoc in the surrounding area, the farmlands, wooded areas, swamps and communities bordering on Green Bay and both sides of Lake Michigan. The total death toll from the fire and related perils, including injuries from falling debris, suffocation, drowning, exposure to the elements and suicide came to approximately 800 persons in Peshtigo and about 1200 in the ..."

Abstract
The paper discusses how anyone living in Canada today might think that the conquest of New France was some kind of epochal catastrophe, which set the country up for the internal tensions that it still faces today. The paper points out that after all, Canada still faces the possibility of Quebec splitting from the rest of Canada, and this possibility reasserts itself as a political threat relatively frequently. Nevertheless, it is argued here that the event itself was merely an incident, such that if all other things had been equal, Canada would now be a harmonious integration of the old New France and the rest of Canada.

From the Paper
"Was the Conquest of New France a "catastrophe" or merely an incident? Why? Anyone living in Canada today might think that the conquest of New France was some kind of epochal catastrophe, which set the country up for the internal tensions that it still faces today. After all, Canada still faces the possibility of Quebec splitting from the rest of Canada. This possibility reasserts itself as a political threat relatively frequently. Nevertheless, it is argued here that the event itself was merely an incident, such that if all other things had been equal, Canada would now..."

Tags:history, canada, french

Abstract
The paper reveals that catastrophic birth defects are found in 3 out of every 100 live births in the United States and are caused by either genetic or environmental problems. The paper goes on to relate how the costs of birth defects are tremendous; hospital care alone comes to $2.6 billion a year and individual costs are much higher. The paper discusses prevention that includes early screening, proper diet, nutrition, avoidance of pollutants, etc.

From the Paper
"Catastrophic birth defects are more common than people realize. Some, but not all are preventable. They have a major impact on families and on society in general. According to the United States Center for Disease Control: Birth defects are conditions that 1) result from a malformation, deformation, or disruption in one or more parts of the body; 2) are present at birth; and 3) have a serious, adverse effect on health, development, or functional ability. ("Hospital Stays...")"

Tags:birth defects, genetics, environmental

Abstract
This paper was written for an English class in which we had to research the meaning and the origin of an English word.

From the Paper
"It was not until 1579 that catastrophe first appeared in written English. British poet Edmund Spenser[1] in his poem entitled "The shepheardes calendar" first used catastrophe in the sentence "this tale is much like to that in Aesops fables, but the catastrophe and ende is farre different." According to the Oxford English Dictionary the first meaning of the word catastrophe in English, as used in the quote from Spender's poem, was "The change or revolution which produces the conclusion or final event of a dramatic piece." Over time the word catastrophe grew in usage, but while there were slight changes in its meaning, the word still has the same meaning today as back in 1579."

Tags:bush, english, gore, oxford, shakespeare, simpson, spenser, weiner

Tags:free economics market, health license

Abstract
The paper discusses James Howard Kunstler's belief that because the world will run out of cheap oil in the foreseeable future, wars will be inevitable. The paper looks at his terribly gloomy predictions of social chaos and planetary catastrophe. The paper points out, however, that Kunstler does offer some compelling scientific facts about the upcoming end of cheap oil and of global warming issues that pose serious danger to the welfare of people and wildlife.

From the Paper
"Kunstler's critics accuse him of being an alarmist, and he certainly is one; that's his whole point, that the alarm needs to be sounded, and since nobody else is doing it, he may as well grab the microphone. He is basically saying, brace yourselves citizens, our society will fall, each component of it, one by one, like dominos, and there is little that we can do about it. He rails over and over about the "prodigious, unparalleled misallocation of resources" that is today's city suburbs. Without cheap oil, the suburb dynamic "simply won't work," and cannot be replaced because it is "unreformable and does not lend itself to being retrofitted... [and] as the suburbs disintegrate, we will be lucky if we can reconstitute our existing traditional towns and cities brick by brick and street by street.""

Tags:natural, gas, fossil, fuels, war, chaos, danger, global, warming, resources

Abstract
This paper examines how developing countries are particularly vulnerable to industrial crises and how, even though they often lack the infrastructure that is required to maintain sufficient technology, they are eager to set up modern industries. It looks at how, in many cases, since the local community is not well-informed and because the country of interest lacks the legal means to address environmental impacts of a certain industry, those companies take advantage of that fact and often, in order to cut down the costs even further, don?t implement safety and environmental protection measures that are mandatory in the country of origin. It uses, as an example, the Bhopal catastrophe in central India when thousands of people were killed and injured in 1984 from a chemical leak.

Outline
Background
The Chronology of a Disaster
Tragedy Analysis
The Aftermath
Conclusions

From the Paper
"When the sun came up on the city of Bhopal, the day after the incident, the tragedy was far from over. The catastrophe hasn't ended with the 3,800 and 11,000 permanently injured. The death toll from the incident, as a result of the exposure to the MIC and other vapors is still rising. According to the Welfare Commissioner's office in Bhopal at least 5325 people have died due to Union Carbide's poison gases until December 1992. Unofficial reports claim that until 1996, 16,000 people died of long-term health problems due to the exposure. From then on, 10-15 people are dying every month due to health complications that followed the exposure."

Tags:air, pollution, hazards, substances, toxic, Union, Carbide, Dow, Chemicals, contamination

Abstract
This paper discusses the diplomatic tug-of-war that followed the January 2000 cyanide spill that began in Romania and entered the Tisza River in Hungary through the greater Danube River system. The paper shows that throughout the affair, both Romania and Hungary emphasized the need for clear, defined international legal agreements that would govern responsibility in the case of a trans-boundary environmental catastrophe. It also shows how, Romania used the absence of such an agreement to defend its position that it was free of liability in the matter.

From the Paper
"The Tisza River catastrophe, aside from yielding irreversible ecological damage to the river basin area, has had severe repercussions for Romanian-Hungarian relations. While Romania and Hungary, both with designs on joining the European Union and attracting increased foreign investment, attempted to create an image of cooperation in dealing with the disaster, relations between the two countries became strained over issues of blame. The Hungarian government was vague in its demand for compensation, noting that it might not be able to hold the Austrian firm involved in the spill directly responsible. Even Hungary's position on whether to sue Romania was initially uncertain. A desire to promote an international image of stability led both countries to downplay the disaster and cloak the international dispute, but at the same time the Hungarian government had to contend with an outraged Hungarian population."

Tags:eastern, europe, Esmeralda, Exploration, AURUL, Baia, Mare

Abstract
The paper looks at the role of asteroid impact on the extinction of the dinosaurs and the Great Dying of the Permian period. It looks at direct and indirect physical evidence.

From the Paper
"he article under review is titled "Repeated Blows: Did Extraterrestrial Collisions Capable of Causing Widespread Extinctions Pound the Earth Not Once, But Twice-Or Even Several Times." It was published in the March 2002 issue of the Scientific American...."