From the Paper
"Catalytic antibodies are derived from chemically stable hapten which mimic reactions' transitional states. Through their binding energy, the antibodies are able to increase both the specificity and rate of the reactions. These techniques were initially applied to chemical processes which did not require catalysts. Various investigators, for example, have used catalytic antibodies to facilitate the Claisen rearrangement. More recent research, however, has focused on disfavored reactions (i.e., ring closure transformations). One day these methods may find widespread application in various fields of scientific endeavor. "

From the Paper
"Uncontrolled automobile emissions contain a variety of potentially harmful chemicals. Exhaust gases typically include hydrocarbons (HCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). In urban areas, the environmental accumulation of such pollutants can threaten public health. Consequently, over the past several decades, the world's industrialized nations have formulated motor vehicle emission regulations. In response to these government mandates, automakers developed the catalytic converter. These devices facilitate the degradation of harmful compounds. Of all the different converters, the three-way catalytic converter has generally proven to be both durable and effective. Nonetheless, increasingly stringent environmental regulations have spurred continuing research into converter ... "

Abstract
The paper explains how calcification of a tissue can occur under both physiological and pathological conditions. The paper concentrates on vascular calcification and looks at mediators of vascular calcification, with a focus on transglutaminase 2 (TG2). The paper tests the hypothesis that TG2 is needed to promote the osteoblastic/chondrocytic differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) which leads to calcification. The paper reveals the results that identify the crosslinking activity of TG2 as a mediator in the promotion of SMC calcification, and that show how TG2 promotes the maintenance of the SMC contractile phenotype.

From the Paper
"Calcification of a tissue can occur under both physiological and pathological conditions. In bone and growth plate cartilage, the physiologic calcification is initiated by the release of matrix vesicles or apoptotic bodies (1). These contain enzymes and membrane components which shelter and promote the nidus of crystal formation. Eventually the calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) crystals rupture the vesicle and mineral is deposited in the surrounding matrix. The formation of the calcification that occurs is dictated by the local environment and the surrounding tissue and cells (1)."

Tags:mediators, inhibitors, atherosclerosis, arteries, cartilage, tissue, differentiation

Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that lawn mowers may have been designed to make green suburban lawns look prettier, but they are anything but green, in terms of their effects on the environment, because they lack catalytic converters. The writer discusses that the largest lawn and garden equipment maker in the country and a powerful Republican senator are hampering attempts by the federal Environmental Protection Agency and state regulators in California to clean up the way Americans clean up their lawns. Further, the writer shows how the battle over catalytic converters in lawn mowers shows how economics, politics and good environmental policy often come into conflict.

From the Paper
"Lawn mowers may have been designed to make green suburban lawns look prettier, but they are anything but green in terms of their effects on the environment because they lack catalytic converters. Today, all cars must have catalytic converters to protect the environment. This means the dirtiest engines lurk, not in the nation's garages, but in the tool sheds across the land. And the debate over requiring lawn mowers to release the amount of emissions they can release into the environment is eerily reminiscent of Detroit's unsuccessful battle in the 1970s against environmentalists and consumer activists who wanted to reduce the effects of car exhaust upon the environment by installing catalytic converters."

Tags:lawn, mowers, fumes, catalytic, converters

Abstract
In the form of a speech, this paper details the problems of smog, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer. The paper details major technology and regulations that have greatly reduced some of the pollution including, catalytic converters, alternative fuels, electrostatic precipitation, bag filtration, the Clean Air Act, fluidized bed combustion, and HCFCs. Discusses water problems, including lead and methyl mercury, and legislation like the Clean Water Act.

From the Paper
"Dear Congresswomen and Congressmen, Our environment is a pressing issue in our society today. Due to societies' demand on governmental organizations to improve the condition of our environment, I am submitting to you today a 25-year program that will be effective in reducing pollution in the air and water. I urge you to look into the issues presented and make an informed decision that will help to improve the quality of our environment."

Tags:acid, act, air, alternative, bag, bed, catalytic, clean, combustion, converters, depletion, electrostatic, filtration, fluidized, fuels, hcfcs, layer, lead, mercury, methyl, ozone, pollutiom, precipitation, rain, smog, water

Abstract
This paper focuses on the poor air quality in India's capital city New Delhi as well as the effects on its residents. Industry is by far the greatest contributor to New Delhi's poor air quality due to the emissions of suspended particulate matter, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Another major contribution to the air quality was the population explosion which resulted in a dramatic increase in automobiles. The writer of this paper details the changes implemented by the government to improve New Delhi's air quality which include requiring catalytic converters on all vehicles as well as the banning of all leaded gasoline. Another positive change involved the conversion of the gas and diesel fueled city buses to compressed natural gas.

From the Paper
"As it is, the air quality in New Delhi has already had serious consequences for the city's population. "A World Bank study on the health effects of air pollution in Delhi revealed that [suspended particulate matter] in Delhi alone led to premature [the] death[s] of 7491 persons in 1991-1992." In fact, the problem is so widespread that India's privately-run Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute reports that "two of every five residents [of New Delhi] suffer from lung, liver, or genetic disorders due to highly-polluted air." Furthermore, children living in the city are up to three times more likely to suffer from respiratory disorders than children in other parts of India. However, those who are most at risk are people who work in close proximity to automobiles such as taxi drivers and blue-collar workers."

Tags:india, air, environment, fuel, leaded, diesel, government

Abstract
This paper explains that Iranian population continues to increase at a rapid rate because of the establishment of public health preventive services, which have significantly reduced maternal mortality and raised life expectancy at birth. The author points out that, as the population increases wildly, Iran fails to address its environmental crises and now faces deforestation and desertification of its arid areas, over-fishing of lakes and rivers, industrial and urban waste, continued destruction of wetlands and reservoirs and pollution of the Persian and Caspian Seas by spilling chemicals and oils into them. The paper states that Iran must phase out leaded gasoline, require its people to use catalytic converters, assume a serious long-term approach in environmental protection and focus their direction on developing gas fields and reducing dependence on oil, not only to reduce pollution but also to diversify and strengthen its economy.

From the Paper
"Poisonous carbon emissions in Iran have steadily increased in the last two decades by 240% since 1980 or from 33.1 million metric tons in 1980 to 80.8 million metric tons in 2000. The uncontrollable growth of the population has clearly meant an increased and constantly increasing number of cars. The volume of automobile exhaust in Iran alone constitutes 1.3% of the world's total of carbon emissions. While Iran's carbon emissions are lower compared with those in the United States and other industrialized or developed countries, its rampant use of leaded gasoline and the volume of cars without catalytic converters account for the massive levels of carbon monoxide in Iran's urban areas."

Tags:salinization, birth-rate, pollution, oil-dependency, altitude

Abstract
This paper examine regulations, passed in 2010 in Davis, California, that restrict the burning of wood in residential areas for environmental reasons. The paper briefly discusses the problems of air pollution before continuing to explain the regulations as passed in Davis. The paper also presents a scientific review of the wood burning process and the results in terms of air pollution and the health hazards posed by the uncontrolled burning of wood.

From the Paper
"Davis, California is well known for its environmentally friendly policies and planning. As a highly ranked "Platinum" bike city with numerous environmentally friendly building codes, Davis often adopts stricter policies than required by the state and federal governments and leads the way for cities hoping to increase their long-term sustainability. As of March 1, 2010, Davis has implemented new restrictions regarding residential wood burning within city limits. Based on the city's Natural Resource Commission's recommendations, the new regulations include restrictions on the burning time allowed per residence per day, the type of wood that may be burned, and the days on which wood can be burned. Although there are regulations at the federal, state, and county level, the rules at the city level of Davis rise above in an effort to protect human and environmental health and curb urban pollution caused by residential wood burning."

Tags:combustion, air, pollution, environment, regulation, quality, catalytic

Abstract
In this paper, the author reports on an assignment she received where she was given a human DNA sequence composed of a series of letters such as 'accagacagt' and had to decipher letters and interpret the results.

Introduction
DNA
DNA and the Internet
DNA Sequence
Prospects for Diagnosis and Therapy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The internet has made so many sites and processes available to the average person that home DNA testing may actually be a reality in the near future. But, this plethora of information is actually a bit overwhelming and therefore confusing. Results obtained on one site may not necessarily agree with the results of another site which obviously leads amateur Genomics practitioners such as my self to begin to doubt returned results and thus require professional confirmation. The key is that DNA Sequencing and interpretation will alter mankind's ability to identify 'medicine less' cures and maybe even lead to the creation of completely altered super humans. "Initiation of DNA replication holds the clue to what controls cell division and hence growth and differentiation." (Adams, 1991) "

Tags:intrinsic, catalytic, activities, interpretation, mankind, identify, medicine, cures, creation