Abstract
This paper describes Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's diameter, based on one assumption and two measurements, that the Earth was a sphere and that the two measurements made are the degree of the Earth's shadow at noon at two points and the distance between those points. It outlines how this experiment can be repeated by measuring the degree of the shadows cast at two locations either directly north or south of each other at noon on the same day and details the equipment required, the measurements to be taken and the mathematical equations involved.

From the Paper
"Eratosthanes used the city of Syene in Egypt as the first point. This point was selected because it was known that on noon on the first day of summer the sun was directly overhead. This was known because people observed that at this time, the buildings cast no shadows (York University). Therefore, the degree of the shadow at Syene was 0o.
Eratosthanes then needed to know the degree of the shadow at another point either directly north or directly south, at the same time of day. Eratosthanes selected Alexandria as the second city. The degree of the sun's shadow was measured and found to be 7.2o (HEASARC)."

Tags:eratosthanes, sun, moon, shadows

Abstract
The paper looks at the arguments of conspiracy theory enthusiasts who have raised questions about the fluttering flag, the irregular shadows and the invisible stars, and details how NASA refutes their claims. The paper highlights the conspiracy theorists' irresponsibility, scientific inaccuracies and erroneous conclusions and argues that to support such absurd hypotheses and cast doubts in the minds of the American public is an affront to the courage of the astronauts and the brilliance of the engineers who worked hard to achieve mankind's greatest technological feat. Several photos are included in the paper.

From the Paper
"Have you ever been excited hearing: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind? (Jones, 1995)" On July 20, 1969, the entire world was wild with enthusiasm as the words were uttered by American astronaut Neil Armstrong because it meant the success of Apollo 11's mission of landing on the moon. The historical achievement verified not only the improvement of scientific technology of the United States, but was also a remarkable leap of human civilization as what Neil Armstrong said. At that pivotal moment, nobody entertained misgivings about the authenticity of the achievement because the United States launched spacecrafts five times more towards the moon after the Apollo 11 mission. Moreover, according to the Gallup poll in 1995, just six percent of the public believed that they did not go to the moon (Gallup, 2001). In other words, majority of Americans considered that they certainly went to the moon without doubt. However, the world was plunged in confusion because some plots about the landing being a hoax came out of Fox Broadcasting in 2001. Through the program from Fox, Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon, the network showed alleged evidences that NASA faked the moon landings. Indeed, many conspiracy theory enthusiasts raised questions about the fluttering Stars and Stripes, the irregular shadows, and the invisible stars. As they expected, can it be false?"

Tags:flag, shadows, stars, astronauts, Armstrong, Apollo, 11

Abstract
This paper examines how Shakespeare's "Merchant of Venice" contains elements of anti-Semitism when depicting Shylock as a stereotypical Jew. Because he is a Jewish usurer, Shylock appears tight-fisted and materialistic. It looks at how Antonio and other characters hold grudges against him because of his trade, leading the audience to shun him as well. Shylock is also degraded because of his faith, as characters consider him dog like and devilish. It also shows how casting an even darker shadow onto Shylock are the Christians, whom Shakespeare constructs as characters of righteousness and courage.

From the Paper
"In Merchant of Venice, Christians are shown in a light of goodness as they defend Antonio's life, while Shylock is seen as a bloodthirsty murderer. In the midst of Shylock's excitement over Antonio's death sentence, the Christians beg for Shylock to spare Antonio's life. While Shylock is shown here as the murderous villain, the Christians are seen in more of a heroic light. Instinctively, the audience equates Shylock, the murderer, as the "bad guy" and the Christians, who act in a heroic manner, as the "good guys." Because he is a usurer, it is automatically assumed that Shylock intended to murder Antonio to rid himself of future money discrepancies. "

Tags:discrimination, prejudice, racism, stereotype

Abstract
This paper explains that more than 25 years after the last helicopter lifted from the United States embassy in Saigon, the Vietnam War continues to cast a shadow on American history and continues to be the subject of contentious debate.The paper says that, for Hunt, one of the biggest failings of U.S. policy in Southeast Asia was the government's inability or unwillingness to view the war from the perspective of the North Vietnamese. The author believes that the major shortcoming of "Lyndon Johnson's War" is that it failed to present the relationship between the Cold War presidencies.

From the Paper
"Johnson's government subscribed to the prevailing "domino theory," the idea that if Vietnam falls to Communism, other satellite countries would follow. Like his predecessor President Eisenhower, Johnson believed that Communism was inimical to the free world. The domino theory reveals a view of Communism as a monolithic aggression. It did not recognize the nuances of the motives of the North Vietnamese people and their sympathizers. The Vietnam War was thus fought with the ultimate goal of containment in mind, with keeping Communism from spreading around Asia and, by extension, the rest of the world."

Tags:domino

Abstract
The paper asserts that excellent early childhood development is an extremely important social determinant of health, and it is therefore imperative that early childhood development should be healthy and normal, facilitated by effective parenting.The paper discusses how unfortunately, this is often not the case, due to problems within the family, one problem being that of alcoholic parents. The paper discusses how alcoholic parents can have a devastating effect on early childhood development, and in turn, problems in early childhood development can have a lifelong impact on emotional and social health and well being. The paper shows how this means that alcoholic parents can cast a long shadow over their offspring's entire life, which underlines the seriousness of the problem.

From the Paper
"Excellent early childhood development is an extremely important social determinant of health. It is therefore imperative that early childhood development should be healthy and normal, facilitated by effective parenting. Unfortunately, this is often not the case, due to problems within the family. One such problem is that of alcoholic parents. As will be discussed, alcoholic parents can have a devastating effect on early childhood development. In turn, problems in early childhood development can have a lifelong impact on emotional and social health and well being. This means that alcoholic parents can cast a long shadow over their..."

Tags:children, alcoholics, damage

Abstract
The paper discusses how capitalism has been a hotly contested economic system since the nineteenth century, when a series of socialist revolutions in Europe revealed the discontent generated by this mode of production. The paper explains that the clarion call against capitalism was blown by Marx and Engel's "Communist Manifesto" (1848). The paper relates that for well over a century, Marx and Engels cast a long shadow over the left's critique of capitalism; for example, Communists and those influenced by them framed their critiques largely in terms of global economics and class conflict, and ignored critiques based in local culture, environmentalism, gender, and classic theories of international relations.

Tags:ideology, communism, capitalism

Abstract
The paper describes how Senator Joseph McCarthy initiated a nationwide campaign which aimed to eradicate individuals who were suspected to be spies and those who had ties to communism. The paper discusses how McCarthyism played a principal part in the overall modification of the way American citizens regarded political affairs and the social order, and asserts that the bogus attempt to name individuals as conspirators against the United States has cast a dim shadow on the history of the country.

From the Paper
"Joseph McCarthy represented the state of Wisconsin as a United States senator beginning in 1946 and throughout the next 11 years until he died in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy initiated a nationwide campaign which aimed to eradicate individuals who were suspected to be spies and those who had ties to communism. His efforts to remove these individuals from American society continued throughout 1954. McCarthy implemented ruthless and cruel tactics to obtain information from his witnesses. He used erroneous data and accused individuals by using unproven information in an effort to prosecute them for acts they had not committed. His deplorable actions created a hostile nationwide atmosphere. Individuals who had once been known for their upstanding service to the country lost the respect of American citizens and the overall character of the country suffered an immense decline in the eyes of overseas nations."

Tags:red, scare, suspicion, accusations, Truman, Doctrine, containment

Abstract
Nixon resigned from his office nearly thirty years ago, and his legacy continues to be shrouded in controversy. He was a complex, inconsistent, and highly contradictory personality whose presidency was an extremely mixed bag of successes, failures, and confusion. Nixon once made the prediction that by the turn of the century, he would begin to be viewed in a more favorable light. Marked by solid achievements both at home and abroad, Nixon's work while in office ended the Imperial Presidency, reopened Western communication with China and Russia, helped see the country through its first round of serious welfare reform; in short, Nixon did have a significantly positive impact upon the nation. But, it was Watergate that opened the doors to the seedier and frightening side of the Nixon Presidency. Secret tapings, brutal escalations in Vietnam, conspiracies to harm other politicians, and his involvement in the thefts at Watergate all cast a deep shadow over what Nixon had been able to accomplish. The most egregious abuses of executive privilege occurred under President Nixon who invoked that doctrine to shield embarrassing and incriminating information. This paper examines the Presidency of Richard M. Nixon, and to pay special attention to the implications of Watergate both during and after his term.

Abstract
Nixon resigned from his office nearly thirty years ago, and his legacy continues to be shrouded in controversy. He was a complex, inconsistent, and highly contradictory personality whose presidency was an extremely mixed bag of successes, failures, and confusion. Nixon once made the prediction that by the turn of the century, he would begin to be viewed in a more favorable light. Marked by solid achievements both at home and abroad, Nixon's work while in office ended the Imperial Presidency, reopened Western communication with China and Russia, helped see the country through its first round of serious welfare reform; in short, Nixon did have a significantly positive impact upon the nation. But, it was Watergate that opened the doors to the seedier and frightening side of the Nixon Presidency. Secret tapings, brutal escalations in Vietnam, conspiracies to harm other politicians, and his involvement in the thefts at Watergate all cast a deep shadow over what Nixon had been able to accomplish. The most egregious abuses of executive privilege occurred under President Nixon who invoked that doctrine to shield embarrassing and incriminating information (Rozell, 762). It is the purpose of this paper to examine the Presidency of Richard M. Nixon, and to pay special attention to the implications of Watergate both during and after his term.

Tags:presidency, richard nixon

Abstract
This paper looks into the ongoing restrictions and complications found in financial capital flows in the NAFTA area. It finds that the primary problem can be attributed to the relative underdevelopment of Mexico's economy and financial markets. While Canada is also disadvantaged by the agreement, cast in the dark shadow of the US, we have a much longer history of open trade with the US and the global economy at large. As a result, our financial markets are also much more developed. Mexico, in contrast, is like the Canada of the early 20th century: still struggling to achieve any meaningful degree of economic development and inherently more prone to keep its proverbial 'guard' up. To provide substance to this assertion, a brief background of the NAFTA agreement will be given followed by highlights of Mexican economic underdevelopment. Armed with this knowledge, an evaluation of the potential for more efficient financial markets in the NAFTA region will be provided.