Abstract
Analysis of contstruction of an oil pipeline on the Black Sea. Opposition to the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC). Examines the debate over the construction and operation of the Baku-Ceyhan oil and gas pipeline. Value of the energy sources. Political gains and losses from the project. Overview of the project. Envionmental impact.

From the Paper
"The Caspian Sea Pipeline Project: An Analysis

Introduction and Statement of Purpose
The Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) is pushing to construct an oil pipeline on the Black Sea in spite of stiff opposition from many local communities and contiguous countries, each of which perceive itself as having a political, economic and military stake in the project and its outcome (Caspian Pipeline Consortium?, 1999). The combination of energy resources, political tensions, and diplomacy has proven to be highly inflammatory, with accusations emerging that the United States is playing a dangerous game with Russia (Rosenthal, 1999). The giant pipeline is designed to carry Caspian oil to ports in the West on a route that does not pass through either Russia or Iran; construction of the pipeline, estimated at $2.4 billion ..."

From the Paper
"NATIONAL REPRESENTATION IN THE AZERBAIJAN INTERNATIONAL OPERATING CONSORTIUM
Introduction
This research analyzes the national representation in the Azerbaijan International Operating Consortium (AIOC). The AIOC is one of two consortia involved in the development of the petroleum resources in the Caspian Sea region (Gorst, 1997, pp. 33-34). The other consortium is the older Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC). The CPC is engaged primarily in the development of a pipeline system to transport Caspian Sea petroleum to the Mediterranean area, while the AIOC is involved primarily in the extraction of the petroleum.

Competition is fierce for participation shares in the AIOC. Petroleum companies "either state-owned or private sector" from the.."

Abstract
The paper focuses on the Caspian region that is particularly affected by environmental problems. The paper examines the problem of pollution and the reduction of arable land and shows how they are set to increase in the future, especially if one takes into account the threat of global warming. The paper concludes that the only solution to this problem is an integrated and internationally monitored plan of action or remedial plan, as was implemented in the case of the Great Lakes in North America.

Outline:
Introduction
The Caspian Region
Solutions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There has been a considerable growth in the interest and concern about the global environment during the past decade. Governments, policy makers and environmental bodies are becoming more involved in the way that problems such as pollution and unmanaged ecosystems affect the environment in the world. This concern has been recently increased by the acceptance in the scientific community of the reality of global warming and climate change, which has been almost certainly linked to human causative factors such as carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. These concerns have refocused attention on various problems areas around the world."

Tags:global, warming, pollution

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the history of the Transcaucasus region that would become Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan and their experience with foreign colonial powers and domination by Russia.

From the Paper
"The Transcaucasus region has long had a history of domination by its neighbors particularly Russia. Located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea the Caucasus has been notorious for centuries as a place of feuds and fighting Land of division. Many refer to the Caucasian Mountains as one of the dividing lines between Europe and Asia. Throughout its history the Transcaucasus region has been a refuge for the persecuted and numerous waves of settlement has produced complex ethnic relations. The areas that today comprise ..."

Tags:Russia, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, development, colonial

Abstract
This paper discusses the Russo-Chechnya conflict from a political and economic standpoint, highlighting the impact of oil on the players in the conflict, and showing the regional implications of actions in Chechnya. The paper proposes some solutions to the conflict but predicts that the problem will not go away anytime soon.

Table of Contents:
Russia: The Oil Conglomerate
History of the Conflict
The Sides
Oil War
Global Political and Economic Ramifications
Issue Resolution
Summary Of the Chechen Regional Impact

From the Paper
"The basic problem from the Russian perspective is how to get the Chechens to accept Russian sovereignty. They failed to win any sort of charm offensive and continue to hold that status. During the war villages that signed peace agreements were bombed indiscriminately and without warning, and cooperation with authorities never was a guarantee of safety, as it should have been. With the military under poor discipline, it is the civilians who often become the targets and who are most deeply affected. "

Tags:shamil, tajik variant model, de facto independence, pipeline appeasement

Abstract
This paper defines and describes the different sorts of ecological communities found in nature. Each section of the paper defines and explores specific ecological concepts. The Caspian Sea region is selected as a biologically diverse and thriving ecological community.

Food Webs
Succession
Climax Community
Biodiversity
The Nature of a Community

From the Paper
"Furthermore, characterization of communities can occur based on the number of species and feeding links per species. As community diversity increases, the number of trophic levels, such as the herbivore or omnivore levels, and the number of guilds, such as the leaf eaters of the herbivore trophic level, also increase. These trophic levels, then, help influence the food web by describing either a top down or bottom up energy chain. In top down chains, predators depress populations of other animals, such as herbivores, resulting in a "green" earth. In bottom up chains, plants resist consumption by toxins and digestion inhibition, resulting also in a "green" earth. In both cases, predation and production form intricate parts of the food web (Ricklefs, 2001)."

Tags:Caspian, sea, nature, biodiversity

Abstract
This paper explains that Iranian population continues to increase at a rapid rate because of the establishment of public health preventive services, which have significantly reduced maternal mortality and raised life expectancy at birth. The author points out that, as the population increases wildly, Iran fails to address its environmental crises and now faces deforestation and desertification of its arid areas, over-fishing of lakes and rivers, industrial and urban waste, continued destruction of wetlands and reservoirs and pollution of the Persian and Caspian Seas by spilling chemicals and oils into them. The paper states that Iran must phase out leaded gasoline, require its people to use catalytic converters, assume a serious long-term approach in environmental protection and focus their direction on developing gas fields and reducing dependence on oil, not only to reduce pollution but also to diversify and strengthen its economy.

From the Paper
"Poisonous carbon emissions in Iran have steadily increased in the last two decades by 240% since 1980 or from 33.1 million metric tons in 1980 to 80.8 million metric tons in 2000. The uncontrollable growth of the population has clearly meant an increased and constantly increasing number of cars. The volume of automobile exhaust in Iran alone constitutes 1.3% of the world's total of carbon emissions. While Iran's carbon emissions are lower compared with those in the United States and other industrialized or developed countries, its rampant use of leaded gasoline and the volume of cars without catalytic converters account for the massive levels of carbon monoxide in Iran's urban areas."

Tags:salinization, birth-rate, pollution, oil-dependency, altitude

Abstract
Discusses Russia as the world's single, largest non-OPEC oil exporter. Examines privatization since the mid-1990s and U.S. investment for exploration, equipment, and rehabilitation of oil fields. Includes the planned Caspian Sea Pipeline.

From the Paper
" Russia is currently the world's single-largest non-OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) oil exporter, with 10 percent of currently known reserves and 9 percent of world output (Aron, 2002). For about a ..."

Abstract
This paper takes a look at sturgeon, the caviar eggs and the embargo on caviar trade. The paper also discusses black market caviar trade, as well as, poaching of the sturgeon. The paper further discusses the measures that need to be taken in order to prevent the extinction of beluga sturgeon.

Outline:
Sturgeon and Their Eggs - a Brief History
What is the Latest News Regarding the Embargo on Caviar?
Why is There an Embargo on Caviar?
What About the Black Market, and Poaching of the Sturgeon?
Who Buys the Caviar?
What Should the United States do to Prevent the Extinction of Beluga Sturgeon?
The Future of U.S. Sources of Caviar Could be in Aquaculture

From the Paper
"The California Department of Fish and Game seized 25 pounds of illegal caviar, estimated to be worth $50 a pound on the black market in California. The primary market for the seized caviar was the "Sacramento-are Russian community"; the mother-son team was caught recruiting sturgeon fishermen to catch and sell them over 500 pounds of sturgeon. But the penalty for their crimes was not very severe; each was sentenced to 150 days in jail, although the mother only served 70 days, and the son served 60 days; both performed community service work in lieu of the full jail terms. The mother was also fined $1,000, while the son was hit with a sanction of $5,000."

Tags:Caspian, Sea, beluga, Caspian, Sea, russian

Abstract
This paper describes the trade routes that existed during the early period of Korean history when the kingdoms of Korea were developing a unique culture that interacted with the civilizations flourishing throughout Asia. The thesis of this paper is that it was the combination of the many contacts with the rest of Asia that resulted in the unique development of the Korean State and its role in influencing religious development in both China and Japan. It also discusses the relationships Korea had with the rest of Asia early in its history. This should set the stage for the reader to understand not only what influences were acting upon Korea in the pre-Choson period of Korean history, but the relevance of Korea in the early days of her history to the political and economic developments in Asia.

From the Paper
"Ships moving up the coast of China to Korea came to the city of Ch?u-chou, located at the juncture of the grand Canal and the Huai River, where ocean going vessels could meet smaller boats from the Yang-chou and the Yangtze River system to the south and the river craft of the upper Huai and Pien Rivers leading westward toward the capital region. (Reishauer p. 281) The route led from the Shantung the Yongdang Peninsula. There ships met a land route moving north forming a link with the trade route of the steppes. A more southern route and a southern route was from Chungju on the Shantung Peninsula to the Liaotung Peninsula and on to Lolang in Koguryo. The sea route continued down the coast of the river ports of the Han and Kum, Paekma, and Yongsan Rivers and there was routine boat traffic along the Tanjin in South Chungjan Province."

Tags:ajok, balkans, bikhuni, caspian, chinese, chinhuyng, choson, chou, chuan, chungjan, gupta