Abstract
This paper explains the events leading to "Planned Parenthood vs. Casey": the State of Pennsylvania amended its Abortion Control Act to require women seeking abortion to 1) give "informed consent" and the doctors to provide information about the health risks of having the abortion prior to the abortion; 2) a "spousal notification"; 3) "parental notification" from parents of minors; and 4) a 24-hour waiting period before obtaining an abortion. The author points out that "Roe vs. Wade." one of the most controversial rulings in the history of U.S. Supreme Court, which generated heated criticism from anti-abortion groups and gave rise to a pro-life movement, predated "Planned Parenthood vs. Casey". The paper concludes that "Casey" is still relevant because the present U.S. administration is clearly in favor of making abortion illegal, the Congress is dominated by Republicans, and there is a possibility of replacement of more than one Justice on the Court during the second Bush term, who most likely will be anti-abortion.

Table of Contents
Background of the Casey Supreme Court
William Rehnquist
Harry Blackmun
Sandra O'Connor
Anthony Kennedy
John Stevens
Antonin Scalia
Byron White
David Souter
Clarence Thomas
Important Pre-Casey Cases
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Doe v. Bolton (1973)
Harris v. MCrae
Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
Historical, Social and Legal Background of Casey
Arguments from both Sides
Essentials of the Plurality Decision
Contemporary Reaction to the Case
Legal Reaction to the Case
Historical Impact
Current Relevance

From the Paper
"Several states enacted laws limiting the right of abortion, including laws requiring parental and spousal consent, restricting abortions in clinics, and laws barring state funding for abortions. The Hyde Amendment was passed by the US Congress banning state funds for abortions. In a long series of cases from the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, the Supreme Court consistently struck down several state restrictions on abortions, but upheld restrictions on funding."

Tags:consent, notification, pro-life, anti-abortion, funding

Abstract
This paper looks at how, in 1968, a group of professional golfers established the PGA Tour, Inc., a nonprofit association, which sponsors events for professional golfers. It examines the lawsuit against the organization in January of 1998 under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which was bought against them by golfer Casey Martin, who is disabled with Klippel-Trenaunay-Webber syndrome (KTW), a rare congenital, degenerative circulatory disorder and whose request for a waiver to use a golf cart, usually against PGA Tour rules. was denied.

Outline
Introduction
Cases
Opinions on the Outcome
Conclusion

From the Paper
"After the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the decision of the District Court of Oregon the petitioner, PGA Tour, Inc., filed for certiorari, because the day after the Ninth Circuit Court Of Appeals decision the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled opposite on a similar case, Olinger v. United States Golf Assn. (2000)(Davis, 2002). The United States Supreme Court accepted the case, because of the conflicting decision between the two Circuit Courts. Again the case brought forth to the Supreme Court would be if Title III of the ADA (1990) would apply to the petitioner and if allowing the plaintiff to use a golf cart would "fundamentally alter the nature" of the game."

Tags:klipper, trenaunay, webber, syndrome, golf

Abstract
This paper discusses how the line between nationalistic and anti-nationalistic themes is often blurred in J.M. Synge's "Playboy of the Western World" and Sean O'Casey's "Juno and the Paycock" and how both plays propose a very different approach to the Irish nationalist cause. The paper also looks at how both plays were written at a time when Irish people were evaluating themselves and how they were questioning their faith, loyalty and their ability to win their revolution and, in the case of "Juno", if they actually won. The paper also examines how this struggle and the consistent deliberation of ideas, which are accurately embraced, in the sometimes-skewed nationalistic messages are found in both pieces.

From the Paper
"It is necessary to understand that at the times both plays were set in, there was extreme violence throughout Ireland. Playboy was set during the Land War, a time when troops both British and Irish were everywhere. In Juno, there is still much violence in Dublin, whether from the IRA or from the English, it didn't matter. Ireland was beginning to deal with its questionable independence and wounds from the urban war were just starting to heal however, at the cost of great poverty and lack of employment. Both plays demonstrate a sense of sympathy for this reconstructing Ireland. "

Tags:Nationalism, ireland, england, struggle

Abstract
This paper explore the role of the tragic hero in drama especially in the case of the heroism of two mothers. The paper describes the stories of Henrik Ibsen's play "Ghosts" and its tragic hero Helene Alving and of Sean O'Casey's drama "Juno and the Paycock and its tragic hero Juno Boyle". Juno and Mrs. Alving, the paper indicates, are important examples of tragic motherhood because they represent the realization of the roles of wives and mothers from opposite ends of the spectrum.

From the Paper
"Instead, as Joan Templeton argues, Ibsen lays responsibility for Oswald's death at Mrs. Alving's feet. Her husband had no outlet for his "excess of vitality", and she admits herself that she "didn't bring any sunshine into his home." (Of course, Mrs. Alving is referring to her husband's sex drive and her refusal to submit to his sexual desire.) This is not necessarily to say that wives have a "duty" to become intimate with their husbands; however, Templeton notes that this claim is "the time-worn principle of the 'marriage debt' masquerading as sexual liberalism."

Tags:meanings orphanage, tragic rhythm, realistic tragedy, epilogue

Abstract
This paper discusses the recurring theme, in poetry, music and film, of isolation, loneliness and of being marginalized by society because a person is different. The paper discusses the song-poem "Vincent" by Don McLean, which looks at a portrait of Vincent Van Gogh. It then discusses the song, "Cry" by Casey Scott, which shows another form of marginalization of someone who is suffering from depression. Finally, the paper looks at the series "Six Feet Under" by Alan Ball and discusses the character of Billy, who is schizophrenic.

From the Paper
"While almost all the regular characters on the show are on the fringes of societal norms and it is well known that this series highlights dysfunctional people and families. I think Billy is the saddest. He is diagnosed as schizophrenic and he is also a photo artist. Poor Billy lives the dreaded life of the life long mental patient. (Remember that this illness also has chemical and physical causes.) Billy on medication is likable and productive. He teaches photography and earns a good living. However, he has no edge to make his own photo essays unique. He is creatively dead. Billy off medication is sometimes wildly wonderful or violently insane and dangerous to himself and others. Billy constantly struggles with his desire to feel strong passion, which he cannot do while medicated. However, when he goes off medication, his life becomes a ruin."

Tags:marginalization, loneliness, schizophrenic

Abstract
A look at the writings of William Butler Yeats and Sean O?Casey, contemporaries of the Easter Rising leaders in Ireland and literary figures. The author analyzes the two writers perspectives of the event.

From the Paper
?After the rising, nothing in Ireland was ever the same. Easter week became the central point of modern Irish history, and events were dated according to whether they had happened before or after that event,? says Michael Costigan in A History of Modern Ireland (Costigan 333). Two of Ireland's most significant literary figures, William Butler Yeats and Sean O?Casey who were both contemporaries of the Easter Rising's leaders, treat the subject differently in their writings both before and after the event, but there is no doubt they were both powerfully affected by it."

Tags:uprising, war, religion, tradition, culture, history, leaders, society

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion and explanation about the parts three men played in the evolvement of British theater. The author of this paper takes on a tour of the lives and works of George Bernard Shaw, Sean O'Casey and John Millington. As the reader unveils these lives and works it become self evident in what influence and how each man influenced the British theater.

Abstract
This paper discusses how dramatists often criticize society through the characters and situations they depict on stage. In particular it looks at the way these characters are shaped by the society in which they live and how they behave because of the conflict that develops between their psychology and their personality as well as the demands of society. It evaluates how the same is true of novelists and fiction writers and how the process can be seen by reference to several women coincidentally named Nora, in three in plays by J.M. Synge, George Bernard Shaw and Sean O'Casey and a real-life Nora who served as model for the character of Gretta Conroy in James Joyce's "The Dead." It also analyzes how they can all be compared to the prototypical middle-class woman emerging from her cocoon, Nora in "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen.

From the Paper
"Sean O'Casey wanted to be a voice for a new Ireland, but after The Plough and the Stars was rejected by the very audience for which it was written because of its unsympathetic portrayal of those involved in the Easter Rebellion, O'Casey left Ireland for Britain. Interestingly, the play has become one of those most performed in Ireland since that time. The 1916 rebellion is the background for the play, and it was a period of disturbance in Irish history. The play begins in 1915 and prepares for the tragedy to come in 1916. Nora and Clitheroe are introduced by Fluther Good and Mrs. Gogan. This Nora has not been married long, and she and her husband are beginning to quarrel. She is unhappy living in a tenement house and would also like to dress in better clothing than Jack can afford."

Tags:joyce, ibsen, o'casey, synge, shaw

Abstract
Examines behavior of female characters, all named Nora, in different plays. Conflict between their psychology & personality and the demands & strictures of their society. Plays discussed are Isben's A DOLL'S HOUSE, Sean O'Casey's THE PLOUGH AND THE STARS, John Synge's IN THE SHADOW OF THE GLEN & George Bernard Shaw's JOHN BULL'S OTHER IRELAND.

From the Paper
"Dramatists often criticize society through the characters and situations they depict on stage. When the playwrights do so, they may approach the subject by looking through the world in which they live to what they believe the world should be. They may be writing at a turning point, an era in which social change is in the offing but which is being resisted by the dominant order. They may merely be commenting on aspects of the human condition, which persist into their age and which they see as detrimental to society. Whatever their particular situation may be, playwrights criticize society by having characters who represent some social class or ideological position and by using symbolism as well as direct statement to make the audience see something they believe to be wrong. The characters are shaped by the society in which they live and then behave in certain..."

Abstract
This paper examines the fifteenth century English play "Everyman" by Casey. It describes the theatrical guilds of the medieval England and their types of productions: miracle (faith and bible) and morality (life) plays. The paper discusses the play's theme of death and what happens to an individual's soul.

From the Paper
""Everyman" is one of the classic examples of a medieval morality play. Morality plays evolved in conjunction with the medieval mystery plays. Both were acted out by trade guilds and often traveled around the land, although morality plays were composed individually and not in cycles. (Knapp "Everyman Lecture") Unlike the miracle plays of the period, which usually depicted scenes from the Old or New Testament, medieval morality plays primarily focused upon illustrating the difficulties of ordinary men and women in making their lives complimentary with the morality of such Biblical characters, as depicted in the Bible."

Tags:death, bible, guild, medieval, faith, soul