Abstract
The paper discusses how the oxygen cascade represents a natural barrier to the limits of mammalian cellular respiration but also human cellular respiration. The paper explains how the mail organ responsible for gas exchange, the lungs are efficient not only in their anatomic and histologic structure, but are also physiologically efficient to provide oxygen to tissues and cells such that oxygen extraction can be increased in altered, demanding physiologic states within the bounds of physical laws. The paper describes how from the uptake of oxygen, to transport of oxygen to the periphery to its delivery to tissues at the cellular level, it can be seen at the different steps where oxygen tension decreases that pathologies at the tissue level, which are heavily dependent on perfusion, are the most vulnerable to hypoxia.

From the Paper
"The human lungs occupy a large volume in the thoracic cavity and are the functional components of the respiratory system, the primary organs for gas exchange. The respiratory system starts at the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx, particularly the nasal turbinates are lined with mucosa that not only moisten the airway surfaces within that area, but also heat, filter and humidify outside air coming into the nares. The inspired air travels past the pharynx down to the level of the epiglottis. The epiglottis, a flap of soft tissue that covers the airway leading to the..."

Tags:respiratory, oxygen, cascade

Abstract
The paper reveals that the merger of the two companies Boise-Cascade and OfficeMax improved the images and stock prices of both companies. The paper also explains that by possessing the name and the brand loyalty of OfficeMax, Boise-Cascade acquired new consumer capital and expanded its distribution arm. The paper explains further that for OfficeMax, being acquired by a company of the size and purchasing power of Boise-Cascade gave it the revenue, platform and impetus to improve its image and rival other fierce competitors.

From the Paper
"Boise Cascade or OfficeMax? What name is more resonant to your consumer-savvy ears? Very likely, the latter, brand name of the famous office supply retailer is more familiar, even though it is a relatively smaller company. In fact, OfficeMax was acquired by a giant paper manufacturing and timber milling corporation in 2001, according to the Idaho Business Review. According to the homepage of the behemoth, acquiring entity, "Boise manufactures engineered wood products, plywood, lumber, and particleboard and distributes a broad line of building materials. The company also manufactures specialty and premium paper products, printing and converting papers, containerboard and corrugated boxes, newsprint, and market pulp" (Boise Cascade, Homepage, 2007). On the eve of the acquisition, Boise Cascade's stock price was strong for a company of its size and type. It was trading in the $24-to-$25 range, but there were fears that the company was slowly faltering."

Tags:paper, manufacturing, timber, revenue, image, platform, customers, brand, loyalty

Abstract
This paper explains that the main organ responsible for gas exchange, the lungs, are efficient not only in their anatomic and histological structure but also are physiologically efficient to provide oxygen to tissues and cells such that oxygen extraction can be increased in altered, demanding physiologic states within the bounds of physical laws. The author points out that the oxygen cascade, essentially described as the "diminishing returns" phenomenon, represents a natural barrier to the limits of mammalian and human cellular respiration. The paper concludes that, from uptake of oxygen, to transport of oxygen to the periphery to its delivery to tissues at the cellular level, at the different steps, oxygen tension decreases pathologies at the tissue level, which are heavily dependent on perfusion and are the most vulnerable to hypoxia.

Table of Contents:
Lung Anatomy and Physiology
Oxygen Cascade
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Regional Distribution of Oxygen Delivery
Diffusion from Capillary to Cell
Cellular Use of Oxygen
Lung Pathophysiology
Oxygen Cascade Pathophysiology and Relevant Disease States
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Delivery of oxygen to the tissues is heavily dependent on the heart and the vascular system associated with it. This branching, closed-circuit system perfuses all organ systems. In normal individuals, global delivery of oxygen (Do2) is often more than adequate to ensure that all tissues receive enough oxygen to meet their aerobic respiratory needs (Vo2). Do2 is the product of cardiac output (Qt) and oxygen content of blood (Cao2). Cao2 is similarly the product of oxygen saturation (Sao2), hemoglobin content (Hgb), and a constant K (the coefficient for hemoglobin-oxygen binding capacity)."

Tags:hypoxia, natural barrier, uptake closed-circuit, critical care

Abstract
The paper explains that volcanoes are not just a distant phenomenon; they are common in the American Northwest, too. The writer finds the author's explanations of technical geoscience topics lucid and understandable, and is impressed with the overall tone of the book. In conclusion, the paper shows the book by Harris to be one that lives up to its promise.

From the Paper
"Contrary to popular and widespread belief, volcanoes have erupted practically everywhere in the world, including America. What is even more disturbing is that there are several areas in the U.S. Pacific Coast where volcanoes have the potential to violently erupt and trigger widespread devastation throughout the region. "In his book, Harris provides readers with a powerful and persuasive argument that the entire Cascade Range and other parts of the U.S. Pacific Coast are vulnerable to volcanic eruptions that besides unspeakable destruction, could result in darkened and polluted skies wreaking havoc on our respiratory systems - and much more."

Tags:eruption, St., Helen's, Pacific, Washington, Oregon, California

Abstract
The paper considers how a service company (Home Depot), a manufacturer (Boise Cascade) and a government organization (the state of NJ) use total quality management in their operations. A matrix comparing the different approaches is included.

From the Paper
"Total quality management (TQM) is often associated with manufacturing and production where samples can be pulled and tested to verify that they are within quality guidelines. However, many organizations-including government entities-are engaged in activities that still depend on high-quality but where quality is more difficult to quantify and measure. One of these is the retail sector. Companies rely on product quality from their suppliers, but also quality with regard to delivery payment and return processing. In government service, quality may be..."

Tags:total quality management, TQM, Home Depot, Boise Cascade, government

Abstract
This paper explains why volcanoes erupt and the most common types of eruptions: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic. The paper points out the three most recognized types of volcanoes, which are composite or "Hollywood", cinder cone and shield volcanoes. The paper also describes the volcanic areas of the Cascade Mountain Range and the Pacific Ring of Fire and specific famous volcanoes: Mount St. Helens, Mount Vesuvius, Mount K lauea, Mount Mauna Loa, Luzun Island, Lassen Peak and Mount Fuji.

From the Paper
"Why do volcanoes erupt? Volcanoes erupt when rocks melt deep below the earth's surface which creates magma. Magma chambers occur when magma collects before exploding to the surface of the earth. When the magma builds up in the chambers, it comes up through the volcano and spills out to the surface creating lava. Lava is the magma that has made it to the surface of the volcano. There are many types of eruptions, but the most common types include: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic."

Tags:unpredictable, plate tectonics, warning system, goddess killing

Abstract
California, located in the western part of the United States, is the third largest state in the nation. This paper looks at the geography of California and the diversity of the region.

Paper Outline
Introduction
Regions
Klamath Mountains
Coastal Ranges
The Sierra Nevada
Central Valley
Cascade Mountains
Basin and Range Region
The Los Angeles Ranges
The San Diego Ranges
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Cascade Range stretches over 700 miles across Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and Southern British Columbia, running parallel to the Pacific, about 100-150 miles inland. Although often described as a northern continuation of the Sierra, Nevada Mountains, "the Cascades are not an extension of the Sierra Nevadas. They are a completely separate range with different origins. The Cascades are largely volcanic; the Sierras are fault block mountains." (Cletheroe). In California, there is still one active volcano called Lassen Peak located in the southern Cascades. In California, Mount Shasta is also part of the Cascade Range."

Tags:mountains, Pacific

Abstract
This paper examines how coronary heart disease is a killer and how it is predominantly affected by the chronic inflammatory reaction occurring in the subendothelium of the artery. It builds a picture of the cascade of events that occur to form a fatal atheroma in the coronary arteries, illustrated with experimental evidence obtained from experiments with transgenic mice.

From the Paper
"The blood supply to the heart is referred to as the coronary blood supply. This is provided by the left and right coronary arteries, which are subdivisions pf the coronary artery that joins the aorta just above the mitral valve. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrial and ventricular myocardium, whereas the left coronary artery splits into the left circumflex artery supplying the left atrial and ventricular myocardium, and the left anterior descending artery which supplies the left ventricular and right ventricular myocardium. Most notably there are no anatomises in the coronary circulation. Therefore, occlusion of any of the arteries will result in severely reduced perfusion to the area usually supplied by that artery. This leads to ischemia, and eventual cell death, fibrosis and loss of function. Therefore the coronary blood supply is particularly venerable to arterial disease that causes arterial occlusion."

Tags:atherosclerosis, athroma, chd, ldl, macrophage

Abstract
This paper examines how the causes of World War I and World War II were not one cataclysmic event but were a multitude of causes that basically derived from Nationalism and Imperialism. It shows how these two factors led to the turmoil in Europe and growing tensions and how the outbreak of World War II is an indirect link to the ending of World War I, which led to many years of chaos in Europe. It analyzes how the resulting economic depressions were a cascade of many more economic issues that Europe and America still face today and how the most radical affect was the Cold War, a war that plagued fear upon the American population for forty five years.

From the Paper
"The first cause of World War II was the intense anger over the Versailles Treaty. This Treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 and basically held Germany responsible for creating this world war. The Versailles Treaty ordered that Germany pay for all the damages that the Allies and their governments endured as a result of this war. Germany was then ordered to cut their army down to 100,000 soldiers, as well as their navy, and do away with their air-force. Germany was also angry that their territory had to be reduced as well. The territory of Alsace and Lorraine was ceded by France and certain sections of Prussia went to present day Poland. Germany felt that this treaty was "dictated peace" and they proceeded to refuse this treaty. In doing so, the future affects would be another war. "

Tags:cold, war, versailles, treaty, germany, economic, depression

Abstract
Background
Washington attained statehood on November 11, 1889, making it the 42nd state in the Union. The state is intersected by the Cascade Mountain range, dividing the it geographically into the semi-arid Eastern Plateau centered around Spokane, and the fertile lowlands of the Western state, centered around Puget Sound and the city of Seattle.

From the Paper
"Electoral Politics in Washington State

Background
Washington attained statehood on November 11, 1889, making it the 42nd state in the Union. The state is intersected by the Cascade Mountain range, dividing the it geographically into the semi-arid Eastern Plateau centered around Spokane, and the fertile lowlands of the Western state, centered around Puget Sound and the city of Seattle. According to the 1990 census, Washington is the 18th most populous state, with just under 5 million residents (1). Current estimates put Washington's population at about 5.5 million. Washington is one of the least ethnically diverse states. 84.4% of the population is white, 5.3% Asian, 5.2% Latino, 3.3% black, and 1.8% Native American (2)."