Abstract
This paper explains that, although global positioning systems provide cartographers with the ability to pinpoint topographical features and today the ability to express relief and contours on modern maps is commonplace, it was not always this easy. The author points out that, while the history of map-making is truly ancient, the ability to communicate accurately relief features on maps began in Italy during the 15th century. The paper concludes that today's cartographer enjoys the benefits of centuries of research into different ways of communicating three-dimensional features on two-dimensional planes and that the introduction of powerful three-dimensional computer-based visualization applications represents a true milestone in cartography history. The paper includes quotations and illustrations.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Rationale in Support of Study
Previous Research
Objective of the Study
Organization of the Study
Background of the Study of Relief Representation
Theoretical Framework
Methodology
Study Design
Theoretical Basis
Research Strategy Employed
Execution of the Study of Relief Representation
Results and Analysis of Relief Representation Techniques
Results
Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
Summary
Conclusions
Limitations of the Study
Recommendation for Future Research

From the Paper
"According to Kirschenbauer and Buchroithner (2001), although these three-dimensional techniques provide the user with a decent overall impression of the represented relief, the transmission of detailed information and precise height data as it is rendered by contour lines is not simplified to any significant degree. This is because any of the older (which is to say a couple of years) present detailed landforms with techniques that do not provide a truly comprehensive picture yet. However, these authors emphasize that new technological innovations are making strides in this direction every day."

Tags:color, hachures, three-dimensional, contour, software

Abstract
This paper reviews the impact of debt relief on domestic social, political and economic situations. According to this paper, the external debt situation for a number of low-income countries has become extremely difficult in recent years, prompting the IMF and the World Bank to design a framework to provide special assistance to the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC).

Contents:
Introduction
Challenges and Future Policies
Diagnosis and Reflections on Poverty Reduction Policies
Poverty and Recession in Sub-Saharan Africa
Africa Deprived of Its Inheritance
The Urban Dynamics: Cities Suffer Most
Policy Design Post Evaluation
Conclusions

From the Paper
"As for the implementation of the strategies, the principle of participation from different members of society opens up new prospects that will have an impact on the way national affairs are led. By favouring respect for the right to information and expression, participation fulfils one objective in that it deals with one of the key factors of poverty, namely exclusion and marginalisation. But the potential impact of this precept goes way beyond this aspect. Participation will only take on its full meaning if it really helps solve the problem of the lack of democracy in poor countries. It should give extra capabilities and power to intermediate bodies (the media, trade unions, associations, etc.) in drawing up, monitoring, controlling, assessing and redirecting the policies. Information is of course of utmost importance in this respect, and its formative nature must be underlined. It makes public choices explicit and increases transparency in the management of state affairs, whilst offering the different players in society the possibility of exerting pressure, or even taking sanctions in the case of failure. In short, making the state accountable for its actions before its citizens is at stake."

Tags:bank, debt, domestic, economics, gdp, gnp, imf, implications, relief, world

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at political parties and issues that surround representation of the people in modern democracies. According to the paper, political parties, in their organization and their functioning, display numerous problems in terms of representation. The paper focuses particularly on two of these problems, the modes of government and the modes of funding. The paper also analyzes the aftermaths of the logic of electoral competition for the representation of the membership and the electorate.

From the Paper
"Political representation is quite a hard concept to grasp. It was rejected by the French during the Revolution as an impediment to the self-government of the people. Nonetheless, I will try to show that political representation is necessary for ensuring freedom in our modern democracies.
But first let us turn back to our French Revolution and the establishment of what could be considered as a quasi-totalitarian regime. In France, traditional feudal aristocratic society was undermined by an absolutist and centralist state. When the French Revolution broke out, the remaining feudal instances were destroyed even further (loi Le Chapelier), so that in fact only the individuals and the state remained without the traditional feudal corporations to mediate between them. The question then is how a society can be held together when it has been dismembered and robbed of the intermediary associations that had given it its concrete form and reality. Most revolutionaries followed republicans like Rousseau or Sieyes. The only way for them to bring about a post-feudal democratic order was by converting particular interests to the common good. Individuals were now called upon to set aside their particular preferences and to identify fully with the common will of the people in order to establish real popular sovereignty and equality. The Jacobin revolutionaries thus assumed that a true democracy could only be established if abstract democratic principles like formal equality, popular sovereignty or the unitary will of the people were indeed completely "turned into reality" (i.e. "actualized" or "materialized"), rather than merely respected (Weymans: 263-282). This is characteristic of totalitarian regimes. More so, to Claude Lefort totalitarianism represents a society's attempt to fully "materialize" or "actualize" democratic principles by making the people really one, equal, free or sovereign. That is also what distinguishes them from democratic regimes. While the totalitarian state tries to realize the principles (by embodying them), a democratic state prevents a society from realizing these (through representation), thus remaining distinct from and dependent on society. This distinction or alienation of the state from society is indeed necessary."

Tags:Political, Parties, Representation, People, Modern, Democracies

Abstract
A brief analysis of the political under-representation and inequality that is inherent in our democratic system, both for minorities and for average Americans.

From the Paper
"Many believe that the equal consideration of the preferences and interests of all citizens is one of the bedrock principles in a democracy. Despite this belief in the sanctity of equal representation it is a sad fact of American life that racial minorities and women have long been underrepresented in the federal government-and particularly in the U.S. Congress. Through much of American history national state and local governments denied these groups the full rights of citizenship enshrining political inequality into law. This paper will analyze ..."

Tags:politics, equality, representation, minorities, campaign, finance

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of sacred representation, particularly those that are Christian in nature, in modern film using the movies. The paper uses the films, "Seven," "The Green Mile" and "Dogma" as examples. The paper also includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"Chris Arthur stated that there are some important questions as yet unanswered as to where film intersects or should intersect with religion in contemporary society Arthur believes that popular film can be an important ..."

Tags:Film, sacred representation, Seven, The Green Mile, Dogma

Abstract
The paper argues that even with the overwhelming popularity of African debt relief among policymakers and the public, debt relief is a bad deal for the world's poor. The paper discusses the IMF's initiative and the G8's debt relief plan and shows how they are effectively making African economies choose between trade liberalization policies of the World Trade Organization (WTO) or insurmountable debt and economic collapse. The paper contends that instead of supporting independence and development, WTO mandates foster increased dependence and perpetual underdevelopment. The paper also notes that foreign aid sent to developing countries rarely reaches the people who need it since the real problem is not high debt burdens, but rather corrupt governments. The paper concludes that ultimately, debt relief will only help reduce debt burdens if government policies make a true shift away from redistributive politics and toward a focus on economic development.

From the Paper
"The continent of Africa is filled with some of the poorest nations in the world. Desperate poverty and unimaginable debt levels are due in part to previous acts of corrupt governments, inability of leaders to properly handle money and spending, and simple bad economic planning. Weak economies, unwise spending, huge amounts of borrowing and mishandling of natural resources have all but crippled a large number of African nations. And finally economic shock, "poorly designed reform programs and the [shady] action of creditors have all played a decisive part in the debt crisis," (Raceandhistory.com)."

Tags:poverty, aid, corruption, World, Trade, Organization, trade, policies, independence

Abstract
The paper discusses the policy of providing debt relief for poor countries, especially African countries. The paper explains how many believe that as wealthy countries hand out vast sums of foreign aid, they also put up enormous barriers to trade. Moreover, poor countries must take the lead in their own development and it is not beneficial for rich and powerful countries to control the environment in which poorer countries operate. The paper describes how finance ministers from the Group of Eight nations met to advance a G-8 debt relief initiative for poor countries. The paper maintains that the issue of aid and debt relief for the world's poorest nations will be on the G-8 agenda for years to come and will undoubtedly remain an issue of debate among politicians and economists.

From the Paper
"The total African debt, excluding South Africa, reached $285.5 billion more than a decade ago, in 1993 (Sonko). This total comprised $118.9 billion for North Africa and $166.5 billion for Sub-Saharan Africa, SSA, and these figures represented changes of 3 percent in the total regional debt, a decline of 0.5 percent in that of North Africa and a 6 percent increase in that of SSA, since 1990 (Sonko). The total debt in 1993 represented only 16 percent of total developing country debt (Sonko). However, the magnitude of what is generally recognized as the "African debt burden" becomes clearer from the ratios that express the debt in relation to certain key economic variables (Sonko). Thus, in 1993 the debt/GDP ratio, which measures the debt in relation to the total economic output of a nation, equaled 73.3 percent for North Africa and 123.1 percent for Sub-Saharan Africa (Sonko). This means, for example in the case of SSA, the debt owed far exceeds the total value of goods and services of the entire region (Sonko). Therefore, as Dr. Karamo Sonko reported in the October 01, 1994 issue of African Business, that the "entire economy of Africa can be correctly regarded as less than adequate collateral for current and future debt"."

Tags:trade, economy, aid, finance

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the Utilitarian and Kantian ethical views of famine relief and then defends Singer?s claims. The writer, first, lays out a spectrum of the amount of aid that is thought to be appropriate, and then places Kantians and Utilitarians on this scale. It examines Singer?s approach and defends Singer from critics; relates Utilitarian and Kantian ethics on famine relief to the issues of whether there?s a distinction between killing and letting die and to the Doctrine of Double Effect, taking the side that one should in fact recognize the associated effects of one?s actions; provides a related reason why Singer?s more moderate claim can be held as opposed to his stronger claim; and, finally, defends large-scale famine relief from ?more practical than philosophical? problems.

From the Paper
"To the question of how much one ought give to help famine relief efforts, let us say there are four possible general answers. 1) One could give everything one has; 2) one could give what I'll call ?all one can*?, different from giving everything one has in that it is only giving to the level of marginal utility, leaving some amount for other pressing concerns; 3) one could give some amount less than all one can* but above nothing; or, 4) one could give nothing. Practically speaking, few would want to hold to the belief that one should give everything one has. It is also the case that few hold the belief that one should give nothing, keeping in mind that "that one should give nothing" is not the same as "that one is not obliged to give anything"; the first says that one morally must not give anything, whereas by the second one may morally give something but it is not required. Many Kantians would hold that one is not obliged to give anything, but that it is good, nonetheless, to be to some degree beneficent in some area. So, generally speaking, most people fall between (2) and (3) in their belief as to the level of aid one ought give to famine relief efforts, with Utilitarians like Singer on the (2) side and Kantians more on the (3) side."

Tags:action, aid, claims, ethics, food, hunger, kant, moral, singer, utilitarianism

Abstract
This paper relates that the policy mandates of rebuilding efforts, proper financial monitoring in accounting practices for charitable organizations and disease control are the most important aspects of relief for tsunami relief efforts. The author points out that, by building homes cheaply yet with a solid foundation, there can be shelter for the homeless. The paper stresses that the proper control of donated money needs to be addressed through ethical accounting practices and making sure the money t gets to relief sites across India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.

From the Paper
"This international policy analysis will reflect the goals of for disaster relief that should be implemented to help the thousands of people who perished in the tsunami. By analyzing rebuilding efforts, financial cost evaluation for relief, and the serious health issues that have arisen since the tsunami are the main goals to attend to at this critical point. In realizing how money is being spent for the relief of people stricken by the tsunami, one can develop policy suggestions that will help rebuild the nations destroyed in this natural disaster."

Tags:tsunami, asia, policy

Abstract
This paper discusses techniques and the chemical considerations required for making relief and intaglio prints. The paper covers the two main techniques used for relief printing (woodcutting and line cutting) and discusses the differences between the two. It shows that all intaglio processes share a common fundamental method, that of the incision of lines or images into a metal surface.

From the Paper
"The same block printing principle applies to both woodcutting and linocutting. In other words, the artist first transfers the sketch to the block of linoleum and then cuts away all the unnecessary parts to a depth of about 1/16 of the inch. When the relief is complete, he dabs heavy ink on its surface and then the lino block is ready to be used for printing. The pressure that must be applied minimal and for this reason the artist may choose to transfer his lino block either to a printing press or even produce prints by hand. The printing methods described above for woodcutting can also be used for printing a linocut."

Tags:cross-hatching, handprinting, ?, la, plume