Abstract
This paper discusses Hyaline Cartilage giving in depth information about the cartilage, its function and location. This paper also reviews the step-by-step procedure involved in the production of the hyaline cartilage and the age in which it is more dominant on the development of human bones. The paper also focuses on the diseases and the causes linked to the hyaline cartilage.

From the Paper
"Cartilage is not much common in adult humans but they do play a vital role during the developmental stage of humans due to their stiffness and ability to grow quickly. A cartilage is a specialized type of connective tissue, which is composed of cells and extra cellular parts. The special feature of this is that a dense tissue called the perichondrium surrounds it (Blue Histology - Skeletal Tissues Cartilage, http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Cartilage/Cartil.htm#Hyaline). During the growing stage of human beings a temporal cartilage model precedes most of the skeletal bones. Even during bone fractures, cartilage is formed."

Tags:bone

Abstract
This paper looks at how 144,000 total hip arthroplasties are performed annually in the United States and how, of these, approximately 100,000 are due to osteoarthritis of the hip joint. It examines how candidates for total hip replacements most commonly present with pain and often with reduced range of motion and how a total hip arthroplasty is performed only when all other possible methods of treatment have failed. It shows how the main cause for choosing this treatment option is osteoarthritis, the degeneration of articular cartilage in the joint, and how other causes include rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, post traumatic arthritis, and congenital deformities.

Outline
Clinical Applications
Anatomy
Procedure
Problems
Image-Guided Robotic Approach

From the Paper
"The intraoperative problems associated with total hip arthroplasty are thrombophlebitis (a blood clot in the large veins of the leg), infection, nerve injury, vascular injury, cement reaction/fat embolus, and fracture/canal perforation3,4. During the surgery, the most difficult step is obtaining proper alignment and positioning of the acetabular cup. This is important because it will affect the range of motion and the loading of the joint, as well as directly affecting the life of the implant. A cup protector must be utilized to protect the acetabular cup from scratches from bone, instruments, and debris. It is also imperative to sufficiently ream the femoral canal and to apply an even cement mantle. Additional problems commonly seen postoperatively include stem subsidence, dislocation, aseptic loosening, wear that can lead to systemic effects, weakening of surrounding bone (bone resorption), instability, and fracture."

Tags:acetabular, acetabulum, bone, femoral, joint

Abstract
"Between 20 and 40 million Americans suffer from osteoarthritis, a condition in which the normally spongy cartilage between bones deteriorates so that bones rub together, causing stiffness, debilitating pain, fluid in the joints and inflammation.

From the Paper
"Between 20 and 40 million Americans suffer from osteoarthritis, a condition in which the normally spongy cartilage between bones deteriorates so that bones rub together, causing stiffness, debilitating pain, fluid in the joints and inflammation. This paper will look at two new over-the-counter supplements, glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, which are being used to treat different forms of arthritis.
In healthy joints, cartilage makes a slippery, lubricating cushion between bones that allows for easy movement (Fraser 46). Injuries, overuse, or age can wear cartilage down, leaving bone grinding against bone. Half of all people over 65 have this version of arthritis known as osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a wearing away of joint cartilage and a thickening of the lubricant-containing synovial tissues which insulate contact of ..."

Abstract
The paper defines osteoarthritis as the most common form of arthritis, mostly affecting senior citizens progressively with age, though trauma-induced osteoarthritis is also observed in younger people. The paper looks at the results of osteoarthritis on the bones and cartilage. It shows how it affects different areas of the body, as well as the frequency and demographics of this ailment. Other issues covered in the paper are signs and symptoms, diagnosis and radiology, treatment and intervention, self-care and research.

From the Paper
"There are two types of osteoarthritis which pathologically manifest similarly though for different reasons. The less common type secondary osteoarthritis occurs from stress on bones of the hand, hips and knees which are typically involved in manual or weight bearing operations. The secondary kind is often seen in younger people. The reasons for occurrence of the more common type primary osteoarthritis observed in seniors are ambiguous at best. There is no apparent initiation for primary osteoarthritis."

Tags:joints, Hormome, ReplacementTherapy, Heberden's, nodes, bone, misalignment

Abstract
The paper explains how calcification of a tissue can occur under both physiological and pathological conditions. The paper concentrates on vascular calcification and looks at mediators of vascular calcification, with a focus on transglutaminase 2 (TG2). The paper tests the hypothesis that TG2 is needed to promote the osteoblastic/chondrocytic differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) which leads to calcification. The paper reveals the results that identify the crosslinking activity of TG2 as a mediator in the promotion of SMC calcification, and that show how TG2 promotes the maintenance of the SMC contractile phenotype.

From the Paper
"Calcification of a tissue can occur under both physiological and pathological conditions. In bone and growth plate cartilage, the physiologic calcification is initiated by the release of matrix vesicles or apoptotic bodies (1). These contain enzymes and membrane components which shelter and promote the nidus of crystal formation. Eventually the calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) crystals rupture the vesicle and mineral is deposited in the surrounding matrix. The formation of the calcification that occurs is dictated by the local environment and the surrounding tissue and cells (1)."

Tags:mediators, inhibitors, atherosclerosis, arteries, cartilage, tissue, differentiation

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the disease of arthritis. Specifically, the paper discusses the differences between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and their commonalities. The writer notes that, although there are many types of arthritis, these two are the most common. Both of these forms of arthritis can be debilitating and painful. The writer points out that they can also lead to other complications, such as surgery and continued medication for pain. Arthritis is serious because it cannot be cured, only treated, and because it affects so many Americans and their daily lives. The writer concludes that arthritis should be a top research priority in America, because curing or preventing the disease could make a real difference in so many people's lives. One of the source articles used is appended to the paper.

From the Paper
"The symptoms of the disease include stiffness after remaining in one position for a long time (such as sitting or sleeping), a sound of bone rubbing on bone or crunching when the bone is used, swelling or pain in the joint, and tenderness in the joint. Anti-inflammatory drugs, along with mild exercise and even re-alignment of misaligned joints, can treat osteoarthritis. Topical treatments, such as creams and hot and cold packs can also be effective in many cases. X-rays are the most common way to confirm a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, but a doctor may order joint aspiration in cases that are more difficult to diagnose. Often, the most effective treatment for this form of arthritis is surgery to replace the damaged joints. It is the most common reason most Americans undergo hip and knee surgery, and most patients report success and far less pain in those joints after surgery."
"Rheumatoid arthritis does not have as many sufferers as osteoarthritis, and it has different symptoms and treatments. This form of the disease can actually affect other areas of the body, such as the blood supply and lungs, and it is actually causes by inflammation of the joint lining, which causes loss of movement, pain, and swelling."

Tags:joints, cartilage, pain, bones