Abstract
The paper discusses how Descartes believed in Cartesian Dualism with the belief that the mind and brain interacts with one another. The paper explains that Descartes believed that a person had a soul and this soul interacts with the body. The paper asserts that Descartes had a sound argument on Cartesian Dualism with interaction between the mind and body, which is in many ways continued with the modern Christian beliefs.

From the Paper
"Why do people react to different circumstances, such as why people laugh when someone falls on a banana peel or why someone will kiss their spouse but he or she refuses to share a toothbrush (Stewart 2004, 52)? Descartes believed in Cartesian Dualism with the belief that the mind and brain interacts with one another. Descartes believed that a person had a soul and this soul interacts with the body. Descartes had a sound argument on Cartesian Dualism with interaction between the mind and body, which is in many ways continue with the modern Christian beliefs. Descartes belief on dualism focused on the mind and the body believing..."

Tags:dualism, mind, body

Abstract
This paper aims to reveal the ideas of Descartes and Kant in their understanding of the metaphysics of existence and the way that human beings should treat one another. The paper discusses how Cartesian dualism offers an important way to link the human experience with the ideas that are formed within the human mind through epistemology and metaphysics. The paper explains that the substance of materialism is closely linked with the way that a higher power interacts with human beings in the universe.

Tags:kant, descartes, ethics

Abstract
This paper discusses the notion that the mind and the body could be connected, and provides the theories put forward by Descartes on dualism. It describes Cartesian dualism, explaining that as a reasoned argument many considered it as true.

From the Paper
''Further, Cartesian dualism explains what most religions have stated throughout time--that the human entity is composed of a body that dies and a soul that remains when that body passes away. Descartes himself suggests that he holds this belief to be true via faith, but sees the value of proving it through reasoning. He states that "I am thinking, therefore, I exist," and argues that even though he could use imagination to prove suppose that he had no body, he could not suppose that he did not exist because of his ability to think via the mind (Discourse on Method 14). For centuries, religious beliefs have echoes Descartes' suppositions on this matter. Nearly all religions believe that some component of the body continues after death, as Descartes makes clear is the argument of his Christianity in his prelude to Meditations. Further, most major religions, from Descartes' own Christianity to Buddhism place importance on thinking and thought. Buddhism advocates meditation to find one's true self, while Christianity requires that a conscious decision be made to accept the doctrine, in addition to advocating a moral right or wrong, implying the individual's ability to choose. Thus, Descartes' philosophy advocates that which has been believed by the great creeds for centuries and has been derived by their philosophers and theologians, suggesting its wisdom.''

Tags:reasoning, biological, soul

Abstract
This paper describes the epistemological and ontological characteristics of Cartesian dualism. It gives a detailed outline of Descartes's view of the mind/body relationship and explains why the contemporary view of the mind/body relationship is strikingly different from what Descartes's interactionist dualism suggests. The paper begins with Descartes's statements in his "Meditations" and expresses the problems that he faced afterwards.

From the Paper
"Substance dualism holds that reality consists of two disparate parts - mental and physical - which are deeply different in kind. Descartes' mind/matter distinction, most accurately called the Cartesian interactionist dualism, is a particular kind of substance dualism in which the "mental" mind and the "physical" body can causally interact. Descartes (1596-1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician and psychologist, who is often considered to be the founder of the modern discipline of philosophy. He lays down the foundations of his interactionist dualist theory in his "Meditations on First Philosophy"."

Tags:body, meditations, mind, problem

Abstract
This paper looks at Descartes's approach to dualism, how he based his idea on what Augustine wrote in his work, "City of God", and considers how the advances made in the life sciences has caused modern society to revisit the concept of dualism.

From the Paper
"As a philosophy used to understand the composition / nature of mankind, Cartesian Dualism had its origin's with Rene Descartes. Descartes approached the subject of mankind's unique identity by wrestling with logical arguments that were intended to answer metaphysical problems. His writings expanded the limited religious framework of his day, as he attempted to understand the nature of mankind as dual, both body and soul, through means that were not attached to an individual creed. His work has long been looked to as the basis for understanding the unique position which mankind holds in the universe (Charles Darwin, please take notice.)"

Tags:relationship, mind, body, nature, union, truth, beliefs, radical, knowledge, biology

Abstract
Dualism is the theory that the mind and the body (mind and matter) are two distinct things. This paper examines the theory as set forth by philosopher Rene Descartes in his work "Meditations on First Philosophy" in which he discusses what has come to be called the Cartesian dualism - that the mind and body are separate and that the mind is incorporeal.

From the Paper
"Inherent in Descartes's argument is the mind-body problem and the need to understand what is the mind and what is the body as well as how they are connected and related. The mind is our awareness, the one thing that we can know is real. It is the site of rational thought. It is subject to the senses in that it acquires information through the senses, but it is not a sense in itself. Descartes says he had no doubts as to the nature of "body," though now he has had to reconsider this position given that he realizes all the elements of the body are known to him only through the senses that he does not trust any longer. He says if he had been asked to explain the nature of the body, he would have explained that it was whatever could be determined by a certain shape, and comprised in a certain location, whatever fills a certain space so as to exclude from it every other body, whatever can be apprehended by the senses, and whatever can be moved in certain ways. In truth, he is identifying the body through various characteristics perceived by the senses and in no way identifying the body itself. The mind is his awareness and his reality, but the body may be an illusion sent to deceive him. Here he shows an intuitive understanding of duality, for the mind is trusted for what it develops through reason even as the senses are linked with the physical body that is in effect fooling the mind."

Tags:Artificial, Intelligence, God

Abstract
This paper concerns the philosophy of the mind and attempts to answer the question of whether dualism provides an acceptable account of the mind. In doing so, the fundamental arguments and problems associated with dualism are discussed and analyzed. This paper assesses the plausibility of a number of different forms of dualism such as Descarte's cartesian dualism, property dualism and epiphenomenalism.

From the Paper
"For centuries, philosophers have debated the ontological problem of the mind. Through introspection, we know that we, and believe others possess a conscious intelligence that has the ability to register emotions, interpret sensations and perform reason. But where do such abilities originate? In what medium do they take place and how is it that our mental phenomena such as desires and beliefs seem to be able to causally act on the physical world? Dualism is just one of many theories that have sought to find answers to such intriguing questions. Unlike materialist theories that optimistically asserts that all mental phenomena can eventually be explained through physics and neurological science, dualists argue that mental phenomena is so far removed from anything physical that it requires the existence of a non-physical entity or property. Since, as yet science is unable to fully explain all mental phenomena such as consciousness, perhaps dualism is a plausible alternative. Is any form of dualism plausible?"

Tags:cartesian, causation, descartes, epiphenomenalism, intelligence, mind, ockham

Abstract
This paper analyzes the philosophical arguments of Gilbert Ryle, Rene Descartes, and Fred Jackson within the context of Cartesian Dualism. The paper discusses how Ryle provides a physical premise for denying the reality of dualism in his sympathetic and neurological premise for the unity of mind and body for intelligent acts. However, the paper points out that Descartes finds the human mind a far more abstract energy, which can only be defined through the teleological premise of God. The paper discusses how Jackson also agrees with the premise of a dualism of mind and body, but cannot be as easily refuted by Ryle, since he is using experiential (yet subjective) premise to his arguments in favor of the mind's ambiguous relationship with the body.

Tags:dualism, ryle, jackson

Abstract
This paper discusses the Cartesian mind-body dilemma by analyzing Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy". The paper explains that Cartesian dualism intended to moderate between the established religious paradigm of the time and the emerging natural sciences and by positing mind and body as complete substances which refer to nothing but themselves. The paper also looks at how Descartes' theory of mind preserves the religious conception of man as an immortal soul in possession of free will by placing such outside the realm of the physical sciences. The paper points out that Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" seeks to establish two distinct classes of substances in mind and extension, but fails to adequately address the manner in which these two incommensurable substances interact to generate our experience of the world. The writer suggests that Descartes conceives of the body as a 'kingdom within a kingdom' of mind, and is left with the problem of how these kingdoms are able to carry out diplomatic relations with one another.

From the Paper
"The cogito, 'I think therefore I am', delimits mind as the substance of thought, the primary existential of being. This is arrived at by proposing that there could be a malicious demon of some sort that may be propagating a vast illusion of experience, generating even our thoughts. Even in this radical scepticism, however, Descartes concludes that there must be something that this hoax is played upon, and no matter what this demon may be able to do, he can never convince something that it is nothing; "...I must finally conclude that this proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind" . The cogito, therefore, shows mind to be a substance that is necessarily true without reference to any other substance. It is the essence to which all the modes of thought refer."

Tags:metaphysics, cogito, thoughts, demon, soul, science

From the Paper
"Dualism has become so associated with Ren? Descartes that it is usually referred to as Cartesian dualism, as if this were the defining approach to the issue. Dualism is the theory that the mind and the body, that mind and matter, are two distinct things. Descartes considered the issue of the location of the mind and found that the mind was separate from the body. He says that he is a subject of conscious thought and experience and thus cannot be nothing more than spatially extended matter. The mind, or the essential nature of the human being, cannot be material but must be non-material. This non-corporeal entity may be intimately associated with the body, but it is not itself a material entity as is the body. Descartes offered several arguments for this belief, one of which was the conceivability argument which necessarily involves a degree of tautology. Descartes says that..."