Abstract
This paper aims to reveal the ideas of Descartes and Kant in their understanding of the metaphysics of existence and the way that human beings should treat one another. The paper discusses how Cartesian dualism offers an important way to link the human experience with the ideas that are formed within the human mind through epistemology and metaphysics. The paper explains that the substance of materialism is closely linked with the way that a higher power interacts with human beings in the universe.

Tags:kant, descartes, ethics

Abstract
The paper defines the unit circle as a key instrument in learning about trigonometric functions, values and concepts. The paper lists the steps to making a unit circle and provides detailed examples and graphs.

Outline:
What is the Unit Circle?
How Do I Make a Unit Circle?
How To Find Coordinates
How To Find a Reference Angle
Negative Values
In Conclusion

From the Paper
"Well, to first understand the Unit Circle, you must first understand basic graphing, because the Unit Circle is based off the circular graph x2 + y2 = 1. The Unit Circle is a circle whose values are counted counterclockwise starting from the point (1,0). Then the values- in degree and radian measure (don't worry all of this will be further explained later, so don't worry if your lost)- are used to solve trigonometry problems and equations. The values on the Unit Circle are used to find sine, cosine and tangent values as well as to find compliment and supplement angles. Overall, the Unit Circle is one of the most helpful things to know when doing the ever so complicated trigonometry. An easy was to think of the Unit Circle is that the Unit Circle is a box of primary colors, it's your red, blue and yellow. With this Unit Circle/primary color box you are able to make and understand all sorts of other colors and concepts."

Tags:pre, calculous, angles, equations, sine, cosine, tangent, values

Abstract
This three-page undergraduate paper discusses Cartesian rationalism, explains what is rationalistic about Descartes' thinking, and reflects upon what Descartes hoped to achieve through philosophical reflection.

Abstract
The historical and intellectual background of inter-war Europe is mentioned and the formation of the Vienna Circle explained. The main aims and philosophies of the Circle are discussed - the main philosophy being logical positivism which is explained that any conclusive or meaningful statement must be based on observation and experimental evidence. Any assertion that is impossible to prove or disprove is scientifically useless. Problems with this are mentioned and the nature of scientific knowledge discussed.

From the Paper
"In order to properly discuss the Vienna Circle I must first briefly describe the social, scientific and philosophical situations that led to its formation and greatly influenced the views of its supporters. I will then outline the reasons for its formation, its general philosophy (one of empiricism and logical positivism) and some of the ideas put forward by its members regarding the nature of scientific knowledge. Many problems (both practical and semantic) arose from new ideas of what constituted "scientific knowledge" and I shall try and discuss these before concluding."

Tags:empiricism, experimental, feigl, frank, godel, moritz, schlick, theory, wittgenstein

Abstract
This paper discusses New York's Central Park, the first landscaped public park in the United States. It discusses the history of the park, as well as its artificial lakes, landscaped rolling hills and variety of different structures. The paper also looks at how over the last hundred and fifty years, the park has been periodically updated with new additions added and others removed or modified. The paper specifically focuses on Columbus Circle.

From the Paper
"The construction of the park taught geologists much about the geological makeup of the island of Manhattan. For example, it revealed the presence of the Manhattan schist, a mica formation that lies under the ground and allows the construction of tall buildings on the island. Umpire Rock is one of the park's best examples of this because it consists of the Harland formation with inter-bedded mica schist and granofels, which actually contain glacial grooves that shows the effects of the Ice Age. These glacial grooves, or glacial striations, appear as nearly parallel lines that run across the rock in a pattern similar to that on the belly of a blue wale. At Umpire Rock, anyone interested in geology will notice that the granofels stands out more than the schist, causing strange, scar-like formations on the surface of the rock."

Tags:landscape, design, statue, construction

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of Full Circle Health, which is a mental health treatment organization that attempts to treat the needs of a community mentally, physically and spiritually. The paper discusses the aims and mission of the organization and how it attempts to achieve its objectives. The paper also discusses how the organization functions in today's era of managed care.

From the Paper
"The ultimate solution is comprehensive mental health coverage, a solution which must be achieved on a political level. Full Circle Health is already striving to do so, as part of its political advocacy work. However, until then, one possible solution would be to employ individuals specifically to work helping patients negotiate the complex health care bureaucracy and to work with insurance agencies, government organizations, and private charities to ensure funding. Ideally, these individuals would be paid staff members, employed to work as advocates for funding and to work with insurance companies, to help with paperwork and to submit appeals, when necessary, if funding was threatened. If there is no budget for additional paid staff, volunteers could be employed, however the issue of confidentiality regarding mental health care records must be strictly observed. Paid and volunteer positions would be trained in the health care insurance industry's language, and provide needed and vital administrative support in the increasingly confusing red tape surrounding this issue."

Tags:bureaucracy counselor, holistic care

Abstract
This paper covers both Descartes's ontological argument and cosmological argument for the existence of God as well as their counter arguments. It also looks at other philosophers such as Kierkegaard to Kant and their arguments for the existence or non-existence of God. The Cartesian Circle is also discussed along with the 'free will defence argument' and self-originating principles.

From the Paper
"The reasoning behind why Descartes decided to try to prove the existence of God stems from his need to do so. Descartes needed to prove the existence of God in order to back up his theory of logic and reasoning and in particular his notions of 'clear and distinct ideas'. These clear and distinct ideas that Descartes has stem from his statement that if he can "perceive something very clearly and distinctly" , then he "can not but believe it to be true" . Indeed Descartes wants God "as a guarantor of the truth of any proposition that anyone...find indubitable while having it distinctly in mind" . Furthermore, Descartes is compelled to try to prove the existence of God because he is incredibly doubtful of everything around him in the exterior world. In fact Descartes' rationalism and constant doubting of his knowledge as a form of his logical reasoning leads hims to the conclusion that he cannot actually imagine an exterior world. "

Tags:cosmological, ontological, Kant, Kierkegaard

Abstract
This paper details Descartes's philosophical attempt at an ontological "proof" for the existence of God. Included is an outline of the intellectual and political times in which Descartes wrote, with a brief discussion of the possible impact this had on Descartes's arguments and focus. The history of ontological arguments and their validity is also discussed, as are the criticisms of such arguments.

From the Paper
"Rene Descartes was born in 1596 during a period of great scientific and religious upheaval. Scientific theories which had stood at the very core of society for over thirteen hundred years were being challenged by scientists such as Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei. They argued against the traditional Ptolemaic model of the Universe proposing instead a heliocentric model which suggested the Earth was not central but, along with other celestial bodies, circled the sun. Not surprisingly, this theory directly conflicted with Church doctrines which propagated the centrality of mankind in God's eyes and, consequently, a wide-spread conflict ensued between religion and science. The implications of this conflict led to a rise in speculation during these times regarding man's place in the world and God in relation to man."

Tags:cartesian, circle

Abstract
This paper analyzes Descartes's theories in his "Meditations on First Philosophy", as well as provides some criticism and weak links found within his theories of philosophy and theology.

From the Paper
"Rene Descartes is now considered the father of modern philosophy. In his Meditations on First Philosophy, he threw out the Aristotle view of knowledge in that all knowledge comes from the senses. He asserted that truly justified knowledge comes from mathematical reasoning that can only be found in the human mind and that the senses are deceiving; his theory is groundbreaking at that, but does all knowledge truly come from inner thinking?"

Tags:Cartesian, Circle, spiral, God

Abstract
This paper explains that Rene Descartes used doubt to prove his beliefs to be true as presented in his most famous work "Meditations on First Philosophy" in which he enters into his most radical phase of methodological doubt when he introduces his evil genius hypothesis. The author points out that Descartes uses the evil genius hypothesis to help illustrate his total abandonment of his old beliefs, but he does not start at scratch when he tears down his thoughts; he decides to adopt the opposite of the ones he held before he started his experiment. The paper relates that Descartes proves the existence of God by deciding that everything he clearly and distinctly perceives as true must be certain because having ascertained that he exists and that he is a thinking thing.

From the Paper
"There is however, the difficulty raised with the case of deception by God, an example of this being geometry and arithmetic. These truths seem clear and distinct to Descartes, but there is still the possibility that he is deceived with respect to them. If God can deceive him of his clear and distinct perceptions, perhaps even the cogito can be cast back into doubt. Descartes seems to want to escape the problems involved in clear and distinct perceptions by relying on God's existence to make them true. However, Descartes also seems to want to prove God's existence by claiming it as a clear and distinct perception. Welcome to the Cartesian Circle."

Tags:cartesian-circle, evil-genius, doubt, perception, thoughts