Abstract
This paper explains that Magna Carta (Great Charter) of 1215 was created as a reaction to royal privileges, which have gotten out of hand. It discuses how King John recognized he must appease his barons, with whom he was haggling over grievances and demands, to keep order in the country. The author points out that each detailed clause clearly spelled out great changes in how England was to be governed, which, although meant to appease the barons, had a much more lasting effect on government and royal policy. The paper stresses that the final clause, which may be the most important of the entire document, includes the phrase "men in our kingdom shall have and keep all these liberties, rights and concessions, well and peaceably in their fullness and entirety for them and their heirs, ... in all things and all places for ever": This is the clause, which created a democracy in England and found its way across the Atlantic to America and beyond.

From the Paper
"To understand the underlying principles and organization of the Charter, it is necessary to understand the feudal system in England in 1215, and especially the barony. King John came into power at a time when England was at odds with France. Eventually, the English lost title to lands they had conquered in France, and this led to the first problems between King John and his barons. One medieval historian notes, "Barons who resented both fighting and paying to keep their king's continental lands resented the loss of them only when they found to their surprise that it meant the loss of their own lands in France as well as the king's." After that, there was never confidence and trust between the king and his barons. It was common practice for the king to levy his barons for his expenses, including his failed campaigns in France that had lost lands and titles."

Tags:reaction, barons, democracy, liberties, responsibilities

Abstract
The paper explains how the Magna Carta was signed by King John in 1215 to avoid civil war and rebellion. The paper discusses how the document was equivalent to a written constitution, and later became the forefather of the constitutions of modern states all over the world.

Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Magna Carta was the charter of English liberties granted by King John in 1215 under the threat of civil war, and was amended later in 1216, 1217 and 1225. The great charter was the outcome of a rebellion of the aristocracy against King John (1166-1216) of England, for having allegedly abused his authority. The charter is the closest equivalent to a written constitution that the British have, establishing individual liberties in the context of the state. It was also used as the basis for constitutions of modern states throughout the world. For example, the Great Charter forms the root of the American Declaration of Independence, and the Bill of Rights (Thompson 194)."

Tags:constitution, liberties, Declaration, of, Independence, Bill, of, Rights

Abstract
The paper provides a brief overview of the Magna Carta and then points out how the liberties and/or rights contained in the document are only granted to the nobility and certain leaders of the Holy Roman Church. The paper further highlights the discrimination against women and Jews. The paper clearly shows how this document was created to endow upper class men with liberties and rights at the expense of women, commoners and those of the lower classes.

From the Paper
"On June 15, 1215, King John of England whom 13th century historian Matthew Parish described as being "a thoroughly bad king unpredictable and devious" and a man in which "Hell is too good for a horrible person like him" (McSmith, 23), met in secret with a delegation of English barons at Runnymede and as a team created a document known as the Magna Carta or the "Great Charter" which "set out the limits and terms of the king's power" and is currently viewed as "the symbolic beginning of the rule of law in England" which before the Magna Carta was dominated by the king in the form of an absolute monarchy bordering on tyranny. As one of the first important English legal documents, the Magna Carta does contain a number of positive traits, such as when a commoner broke the law, his liberty and property could not be taken away nor seized by the king and that the king "was not above the law." But there were also some negative traits, including the fact that the signers "were not interested in civil rights" and that the charter "discriminated against women and Jews and offered nothing" to the Scots or the Irish (McSmith, 23)."

Tags:Roman, Church, earls, nobility, women, Jews, discrimination, forfeiture, seizure

Abstract
This paper looks at various legal institutions and laws throughout history and how they have been applied, if at all, to kings and rulers. It looks at the signing of the Magna Carta and how this represented, for the first time in history, a government passing a law requiring that it follow the law as well. The paper goes on to discuss how the Magna Carta became the inspiration for the Constitution of the United States of America.

From the Paper
"Different states and different times have seen widely varying views on the power of the executive, and the rights of the people. Most ancient nations subscribed to the opinion that the ruler was largely above the law. The concept varied somewhat, for example, in Egypt, the Pharaoh's every word constituted a new legal pronouncement, while in Mesopotamia, the King typically issued law codes that were seen as being the will of the gods. Thus, in the lands along the Tigris and Euphrates, there were some limits to royal authority in so far as both king and subject were ultimately bound by the same commandments, but still, interpretation of the divine will lay in the hands of the King, for it was he who was normally high priest of the gods. Later, in certain Greek city states, such as Athens, the entire population of free men was held to constitute the government."

Tags:subject, rights, power, absolute, john, england, document, democracies, barons, granted, established, constitutional, heritage

Abstract
This paper compares "Las Cartas Marruecas" by Jose Caldaso and "Vuelva Usted Manana" by Jose Mariano De Larra. The paper talks about the Spanish culture and lifestyles in the 16th and 17th centuries and explains how their ideologies were growing through the years but didn't really change from 1774 to 1833. The paper notes that both authors are well known as important writers from Spain from time ago.

Tags:cartas, marruecas, larra

Abstract
The paper discusses how America's founders sought legal inspiration from the England's concepts and structure of government. The paper looks at how many of the Magna Carta's protections were built into new constitutions written by the state. The paper further shows how English philosophical advances upholding the rights of citizens and Parliament and the curtailment of the rights of the monarch both inspired America's Founding Founders and continue to make their influence felt in American law.

From the Paper
"Fundamental to the U.S. Constitution are concepts that established in Britain from 12th century onward. Although America began as a nation in resistance to the English monarchy, this did not prevent its founders from seeking legal inspiration from the Mother Country's concepts and structure of government. The earliest example of the development of checks upon monarchial rule is perhaps in the 1066 Ordinance of William I, when the Norman conqueror agreed to uphold the existing feudal laws and customs of the land, rather than replacing them all outright."

Tags:Magna, Carta, democracy, Bill, of, Rights, monarchy, checks, balances

Abstract
This paper explores the origins and history of habeas corpus, from its roots that predate the Magna Carta through to the present day, where it is being employed to the benefit of hundreds that wrongly languish in prison. The paper also explains the distinction between civil right and civil liberty and discusses which applies to habeas corpus. Lastly, the paper looks at the historic ups and downs of habeas corpus and discusses its unique place in the Constitution, separate from provisions contained in the Bill of Rights.

From the Paper
"Rights and liberties need to be at their strongest when public support is at its weakest. Civil rights are decreed by law, civil liberties are God given, and the actions of legislatures are inevitably governed by the politics of the time. Habeas corpus is a civil liberty included among the "self evident truths" of the Declaration of Independence, and alone one of the civil liberties that can be suspended by acts of the government during times of crisis. The president judged by history as one of the best, sought to suspend these liberties in time of extreme crisis in the nation's young history. It was circumvented to increase support during a world war, to intern "dangerous" citizens during another, and to grant due process rights to perpetrators of the war for the new millennium. It is now freeing hundred of wrongly convicted people of a crime. The future of habeas corpus is uncertain in the short term, but solid in the future as all inalienable rights bestowed upon the common man by his creator."

Tags:legislature, supreme court, society, magna carta

Abstract
This paper explains that each founding document critical to the U.S. Constitution makes reference to the importance of man's free right to exercise his political will under a tolerant and open form of government. Furthermore, key concepts like the right to a fair trial and land and property ownership rights were underscored in these earlier founding documents. The author defines the founding documents as the "Magna Carta", the "Mayflower Compact", the "Virginia Declaration of Rights", the "Declaration of Independence", the "Articles of Confederation" and the "Federalist Papers". The paper relates that the concepts of "all men being created equal" and having the unalienable rights to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" as presented in the preamble of the U.S. Declaration of Independence are the fundamental concepts of freedom incorporated into the present-day constitution and powerful core principles upon which future democratic documents will be written.

From the Paper
"The Magna Carta of 1215 A.D. was the first of these documents, as an English liberty charter decreed by King John. This early document covered broad areas from property rights to rights of heirs, marriage laws, and criminal prosecution. Article 52 states "To any man whom we have deprived or dispossessed of lands, castles, liberties, or rights, without the lawful judgment of his equals, we will at once restore these," making note of civil liberties of men, although based on the notions of an English royal class system."

Tags:magna-carta, mayflower, virginia, declaration, confederation

Abstract
This paper examines how both France and England vied to become the most powerful monarchies in Europe and how throughout the 13th and 14th century, wars for land and supremacy were fought until each became a power in its own right. It focuses on the questions of how England achieved centralized power much faster than France, due to the political and territorial layout of the country and how France become more powerful than England in the 13th century due to the leadership of Louis the IX and other events culminating in the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 which forced the English king to relinquish much of his power.

From the Paper
"The King of France was only able to achieve centralized leadership through territorial sovereignty through inheritance, marriage and finally war. This was not an easy task because there was a great deal of loyalty within the cities and they supported their local jurisdictions. The problem was finally resolved when the Crown allowed regional powers to maintain some of their local customs and laws but was governed by a selected official of the Crown.
But France had to struggle with the clergy and issues that would affect them as well as the constituency. They never quite achieved the level of support for royal initiatives from the church that was needed to perpetuate the Crown as a central authority."

Tags:Louis, the, IX, monarchy, magna, carta, medieval

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the key arguments in the debate currently going on in Britain over whether or not to replace its adversarial system of justice and replace it with the inquisitorial system of justice now used in the European Union. The paper begins by defining both the adversarial and inquisitorial systems of justice. It then presents arguments in support of the Inquisitorial Model including that the system promotes equality; decreases miscarriages of justice; seeks to find the truth; argues that the judges in the adversarial system are poorly trained while its judges are chosen on merit. The author then presents their arguments against the use of the Inquisitorial Model and makes the following points about the inquisitorial system including that it ignores human dignity; that it will cause false imprisonment; argues that the European Union will be allowed to prosecute British Citizens and will therefore render British Law powerless; argues that it will lead to the destruction of the Magna Carta and finally, argues that the system can be costly. The author then presents a final evaluation of the materials presented and details their own conclusions as to which system is better suited for use in Britain.

From the Paper
"Opponents of implementing the inquisitorial system argue the efficacy of the adversarial system. These opponents note that there are clear advantages to the current British system which include. The right of Habeas Corpus (that the accused must be taken to a public court within a very short period of time, usually 24 hours, and the accusers must produce their evidence then and there. The right to Trial by Jury at which jurors can in fact even disregard the law if they think it would give an unjust conviction. The jurors are thus 'sovereign'. If found innocent, the accused cannot be tried again on the same charge. (Corpus Juris and the Effect on British Common Law Rights)"

Tags:magna, carta, britain, european, union, adversarial, justice, criminal, evidence, countries, judge, procedure, evidence, parties, language, communities, power, role, miscarriages, wealthy, misdirection, trial, senstational, media, truth, falsification, merit, dignity, human, victims