Abstract
This paper examines the design of the structure, the materials and construction methods used in the creation of Francesco Borromini's "San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane". It also looks at the decor and furnishings of the "San Carlo" and its over-all style and function.

From the Paper
This paper is a brief exploration of Borromini's celebrated San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane. More specifically, this paper will examine the spatial organization and planning of the project, the materials and construction methods used, the decor and the furnishings that make the San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane such a landmark of modern architecture, the over-all "style" of the room and the functions it serves. As will soon become evident, this room serves as an historic and imperishable legacy to its creator.

Tags:borromini, history, church

Abstract
This paper examines the life and work of Carlo Maderno and his significant contributions to the innovation of the Baroque style. The paper notes that, before Maderno, many facades portrayed a Mannerist style that was often dense and without adequate spatial ornamentation. The paper further relates that Maderno's work influenced a whole generation of architects that sought greater details and more space for design to flourish in what was to become known as Baroque stylization. In essence, the paper analyzes the life and work of Carlo Maderno in relation to his architectural contributions to what has become known as the Baroque style in architectural history.

From the Paper
"Carlo Maderno (1556-1629) was an Italian-Swiss architect that had moved to Rome in 1588 to begin his career as an architect for the Vatican. The fist project of significance that he was contracted for is Santa Susanna. This project would be the foundation for his style, which would help to garner a greater audience with the Pope and his eventually work on the facade for St. Peter's Basilica. The first significant contribution that Maderno made in this structure is the use of more columns and pilasters that were placed in more numerous groupings in the center of center of the entranceway (Tosini 34). "

Tags:Santa, Susanna, St., Peter's, Basilica, Sant'Andrea, della, Valle

Abstract
This paper explains that Carlo Ginzburg's "The Cheese and the World"
relates, in the style of micro-history, the life of miller Menocchio (1532-1599) from the Italian district of Friuli, who was brought before the Inquisition in 1584 and 1599 on charges of heresy owing to his peculiar religious beliefs and was eventually burned at the stake. The author points out that Ginzburg, who is a noted micro-historian and expert on the Italian Renaissance and early modern European history, comments that Menocchio's predicament owed much to two great historical developments of his day: the advent of the printing press and the Reformation. The author suggests that most readers' perception of the Reformation and its surrounding culture will be upset by the way this book telescopes the arrival of the printing press into the thoughts of the later Renaissance as if these forces immediately changed consciousness.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Printing Press
The Reformation
1599 - What a Heretic Said
On Micro-History
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"In a manner much ahead of his time, Menocchio had argued that a religious person believed his faith to be true, just as the Christian believed that Christianity was the correct religion, with a remark too on people believing they embraced a superior culture when, in fact, who was to know this was true, or what an inferior culture might be. The inquisitor asked about the Three Rings and where Menocchio had encountered it, referring to a title as a prohibited book. Ginzburg explains how the Roman Catholic Church was by this time engaged in a "two-front war" against both high culture that would not conform to Counter-Reformation ideals and against popular culture that was showing more signs of questioning..."

Tags:literacy, peasant, catholic, inquisition, scholarship

Abstract
This paper explains that, in Carlo Ginzburg's "The Cheese and the Worms: the Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller", the miller Menocchio, who was charged with heresy in Italy at the age of fifty-two, and then again fifteen years later, is a tale of class conflict and how the tension between the classes in the sixteenth century was influenced by the Protestant Reformation. The author points out that this period was a tumultuous time, both socially and religiously, because of the emergence in Europe of the middle class as illustrated by Menocchio's raise from the peasant tradition to become a moderately wealthy miller. The paper states that the case of Menocchio can be seen as a reaction to an oppressive ruling class, which was unique because of the new influence of literature on lower society and because it was one of the first times that a poor, self-taught individual dared to stand-up to the ecclesiastical order on the basis of logic.

From the Paper
"Still, many people in Menocchio's social position were unable to read or write as well as he could. And certainly, very few people in his time, who were exposed to the writings in his library, reached the same conclusions he rested upon. Yet "this distinctiveness had very definite limits. As with language, culture offers to the individual a horizon of latent possibilities-a flexible and invisible cage in which he can exercise his own conditional liberty." (Ginzburg, xx). This too, is hard to deny-an individual may be considered uncommon within his culture, but it is difficult to separate him from his culture completely. So, although Menocchio held many unusual beliefs, these beliefs cannot be removed from the context they came out of. "

Tags:heresy, protestant-reformation, middle=class, self-taught, printing-press

Abstract
A pieta is described as a painting or sculpture of the body of the dead Christ being supported by the Virgin, often with other mourners present. This paper analyzes how the painting "Pieta" follows the conventions of a pieta by depicting all of the above. The paper shows too how Crivelli's own unique style is apparent in the work, seen in the attention to detail and the gothic elements. This style of Crivelli's is related to his own background as an artist. By looking at the artwork further, the paper shows how the work is a reflection of Crivelli's background and influences as well as a product of the cultural context at the time of its creation during the Italian Renaissance.

From the Paper
"Another aspect of the Renaissance that is apparent in Crivelli's work is the focus on religion. It has been noted that, "While the political power of the church declines during the Renaissance... the Renaissance artists, remained devout Catholics." This aspect meant that biblical scenes continued to be popular subjects for paintings. This is reflected in Crivelli's work with all of his works being religious in nature. As in the example Pieta, Crivelli maintained the religious subject but changed the way it was approached, adding his own perspective to the work, just as the trend was in Renaissance."

Tags:Venetian, School, Catholic

Abstract
This paper reviews the concept of freedom as defined by Carlos Fuentes, a novelist, essayist and travelling diplomat. According to this paper, Fuentes believes that without the quest for freedom, freedom would not exist.

From the Paper
"Freedom is often a concept that is taken for granted, misunderstood, and, as Carlos Fuentes notes, is often defined for the citizens of the world by institutions that have no other ultimate interest but to limit the freedom that appears to be so fleeting. Novelist, essayist, and traveling diplomat, Carlos Fuentes' quotation on what freedom is inspires the reader to think about what freedom truly is. It envelops concepts familiar and new, traditional and rebellious, and in the end encompasses the multitudes of facets that have founded nations, inspired societies, and given rise to revolution. In the beginning of Fuentes' thought provoking quote, he notes that freedom is freedom based on people seeking it. This thought is comprised of two primary parts. First, without the quest for freedom, freedom would not exist. It is the process of striving for freedom that ensures that the concept continues to exist."

Tags:carlos, fuentes, freedom

Abstract
This paper analyzes the poems "The Young Housewife" and "This Is Just to Say" by William Carlos Williams, which reflect domestic desire and the problems of intimacy that lie hidden within American suburbia. The author points out that Williams shows an abstracted form of simile, allusion and symbolism to reflect the frustrations of couples trying to live with each other in divided homes. The paper contends that, by actively revealing his own lack of sexual fulfillment, Williams is able to convey these messages in these simply written, yet cryptic poems.

From the Paper
"This poetical analysis explores the theme of domestic desire within the two poems: "The Young Housewife" and "This Is Just to Say" by William Carlos Williams. By revealing William's poetry related to domestic desire through simile, allusions and symbolism, one can learn why these two poems reflect isolation and the romantic problems within 20th century American suburbia. In understanding William's poems through the theme of domestic desire, one can assume unfulfilled sexual and romantic energies that reside within his verse. The poem "The Young Housewife" reflects the barriers and sexuality of the suburbs in the way that Williams present both the woman and the doctor in the poem."

Tags:williams, poem, carlos

Abstract
This paper discusses the religious beliefs as well as the remarkable services rendered by Carlos V to the people of the Spain. This research paper addresses the cardinal role played by Carlos V (1516- 1555) because of his efforts to unite and strengthen Spain.

Abstract
This paper explains that William Carlos William, in his poem "The Red Wheelbarrow", utilizes imagery, symbolism, simplistic structures and a free form style to illustrate the meaning of the poem in both a literal and metaphorical sense. The author points out that the meaning behind the picture created by this poem is left up to the reader to discover by looking for patterns in a deceptively simple sentence. The author underscores that, through these patterns, the readers rediscover the beauty in a simple wheelbarrow, a simple sentence and a simple poem. The paper concludes that the plain red wheelbarrow glistens by the end of the poem, in the calm following a storm, like the reader's glow of excitement after unraveling the mystery of the scene.

From the Paper
"The structure of the poem is perhaps the most interesting characteristic of it. The simple vernacular is underscored by the structure. Because the sentence is broken into four stanzas, the reader is forced to go line by line, scrutinizing each syllable, looking for meaning. Each word was carefully chosen and packs a punch, as was the author's intention. There are relatively few words, which causes the reader to notice the author's word choice more than if the poem were longer. Additionally, the pauses between each stanza allow the reader to reevaluate the mental image they are creating, as explained previously."

Tags:imagery symbolism structures, free form, reader

Abstract
This paper explains that, in his short story, "The Use of Force", William Carlos Williams examines the justifiable application of physical force. The author points out that all of the doctor's respect appears to go to Mathilda, the "damned little brat", who had the spunk and courage to resist him all along. The paper concludes that even an apparently mild-mannered country doctor can enjoy the passionate feeling of having a strong opponent and admire the resistance.

From the Paper
"The narrator inquires about a sore throat and both parents explain that the child says "her throat don't hurt her." The slightly exasperated doctor wonders if they have actually looked and discovers that they have not. Mathilda will not cooperate, though, and the doctor tries to reason with her. Attempting lamely to help, the mother says, "Come on, do what he tells you to, he won't hurt you." The doctor is disgusted that the mother used the word "hurt" and he says "I ground my teeth in disgust" at the parents bungling attempts."

Tags:paper, brat, tonsils, force, doctor