Abstract
This paper provides a critical look at Carl Sagan's article "Abortion: Is it Possible to be Both Pro-Life and Pro-Choice?", which provides both sides of the religious and scientific arguments that are currently part of the abortion issue in American society. The paper points out that Sagan provides a two-fold analysis of the science and theological definitions of life and how this acts within the social conflict between pro-life and pro-choice factions in their differing objectives for legislation on abortion. The paper also points out that Sagan seeks to promote the importance of why compromise and balance between these two factions are important in American society and for the creation of legislation on this issue. The paper concludes that, although Sagan provides a mastery of the scientific facts that are part of modern research of life in the womb, he is decidedly biased in his reliance on science.

Outline:
Summary
Discussion and Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The central issue for Carl Sagan is understanding the debate between the religious (pro-life) and the secular scientific (pro--choice) factions that currently debate the issue of abortion. Sagan argues for the issue of pro-life arguments that determine that the life in the womb is 'alive' at first conception, which Sagan refutes by imposing a more scientific point of view that life is not an issue related to conception, but that there is a longer history for human life since the beginning of the Earth, nearly 4.6 billion year ago (201). Yet with science, the clarity of these issues do not always refer a more valid sense of where and how life is determined within religious values. For pro-lifers in the American Christian culture, the idea of conception takes on a human characteristic that must also be taken into account due to missing details of current incomplete scientific evidence that equally philosophize on the nature of life."

Tags:ethics, human, life, conception, science, religion

Abstract
The paper discusses how Carl Sagan revolutionized how the world looked at space and the search for intelligent life beyond our planet. The paper talks about Sagan's popular PBS television series "Cosmos" and his novel "Billions and Billions", specifically focusing on the chapters on abortion, religion and science.

From the Paper
"Born in 1934, Sagan grew up in a working-class Jewish neighborhood of New York and attended urban public schools in New York and New Jersey. The University of Chicago provided him scholarship support when he entered in 1951, and he continued there for graduate work, receiving his doctorate in astronomy in 1960. After two years as a postdoctoral in biology at Berkeley and Stanford, he joined the Harvard College astronomy faculty as Assistant Professor until 1968 and then moved to Cornell University to become Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary studies."

Tags:outer, space, galaxies, science, religion, cosmos

Abstract
This paper discusses Carl Rogers' non-directive approach to therapy, in which the client has control of the direction of the therapy session. The paper examines the roots of humanistic therapy in Carl Rogers' approach and then examines humanistic therapy as it pertains to Rogers' approach. Next, the paper discusses the conditions necessary for positive therapeutic results in client-centered therapy, as propounded by Rogers.

From the Paper
"Rogers puts forward some conditions that are necessary for there to be positive therapeutic results in client-centered therapy. These include, the counselor should operate from the premise that the client has a responsibility for himself or herself and also has the willingness for maintaining that responsibility; the client desires to be mature and socially well adjusted and will rely on this to achieve therapeutic change. The counselor should also create a climate where the client feels free to express their feelings and attitudes regardless of their absurdity. Limits can only be set on behavior and not on attitudes, which is a child perhaps may feel like breaking a window but he should not be allowed to actually break the window. The counselor's acceptance of the client's attitudes should involve neither disapproval nor approval of the client's attitudes and feelings. This understanding is conveyed best by seeking clarification where necessary. Finally, the counselor should refrain from actions like probing, giving advice, providing reassurance, apportioning blame and giving suggestions (Ryan, 2008; Green, 2000)."

Tags:non-directive therapy, psychotherapy, carl rogers, humanistic psychology, counseling

Abstract
This paper explores whether policy endogeneity partially explains the negative relationship generally reported between parental involvement laws and abortion rates, since parental involvement laws are found to be negatively related to both teen and adult abortion rates. Since parental involvement laws may be more likely to be passed in jurisdictions with a higher level of anti-abortion sentiment, both the laws and anti-abortion sentiment may be responsible for lower abortion rates. To explore this possible interrelatedness, a religiosity-level variable was used as a proxy for anti-abortion sentiment, since anti-abortion sentiment might affect abortion rates directly and indirectly through the greater likelihood of the enactment of parental involvement laws.

From the Paper
"The relationship of parental involvement laws and religiosity level to abortion rates was analyzed for teens and adults; regressions were estimated for four age groups: 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, and 30-34 years old. Residence county-level 1995 abortion rates were regressed against parental involvement laws and religiosity levels as well as several control county-level variables--restrictive public funding, unemployment rate, population density, percent of college graduates, extent of poverty, percent of married-couple families, and geographic region. The sample consisted of the 1,008 counties from the 17 states that reported abortion numbers by county and by age group."

Tags:abortion, involvement, laws, parental, rates, research, study

Abstract
This paper discusses how each individual progresses through the social order with the expectations of conforming to religious political community and personal expectations. Religion is in theory supposed to address the spiritual needs of the individual. The paper further discusses that as religions are consistently changing in society, this is not often the case. Medicine may address the diseases and illnesses that can be scientifically detected in the patient but often times there is pain that cannot be identified as having a direct physical cause. Psychologists, such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, believed that as human beings progressed through life their psychological conditions would create upheaval in a way that could create physical and spiritual unrest, with no apparent cure for the ailment.

Tags:jung, carl, spirituality

Abstract
This paper examines the impact of Carl Rogers' person-centered theory on society. The author also considers the application of the theory as it relates to family, groups, interpersonal relationships, and conflict resolution. The goal of the theory and how its techniques are used in therapy is also discussed. The paper compares person-centered theory to other psychological theories, including a historical perspective. All of these issues are important and significant for a complete understanding of what person-centered theory really is and how it applies to many various facets of life.

From the Paper
"The primary issue in Carl Rogers' person-centered theory is what he terms the "actualizing tendency" (Rogers, 1980). This term refers to what is considered to be the inherent and the immutable tendency of all organisms, of course including human beings, to do many different things, including grow, expand, develop, differentiate, maintain themselves, restore themselves and realize their natures as much as they are able to and as well as they are able to under the circumstances that they are given (Barrett-Lennard, 1998). This actualizing tendency is seen as the basic characteristic of all organic life, including human life. Rogers (1980) expresses these ideas very well in stating that "The actualizing tendency can ... be thwarted or warped, but it cannot be destroyed without destroying the organism" (Rogers, 1980, p. I 19). "

Tags:person, centered, theory, Carl, Rogers, psychology

Abstract
The paper begins by defining the anti-abortion position on abortion and then gives the statistics on the position of many countries regarding this issue. The pro-choice lobby is also cited and their views discussed. The body of the paper is based on the views on abortion in four countries: Brazil, China, France, and The United States. Each country has very different positions and laws regarding abortion and all are discussed in-depth. The paper concludes that each person must have a position on abortion. If abortion is wrong, then both mother and baby should be protected, unless it can be shown that one's life might be lost if the pregnancy were allowed to continue. If abortion is acceptable then the mother must be protected and society must understand that there is only one human in this equation.

From the Paper
"There are many people today who believe that abortion is wrong and bad. They recognize that medical science has long since proven conclusively that human life begins at fertilization. Accordingly, they cannot and do not deny that abortion is killing. Further, most also believe abortion is against God's will. But there different peoples and theirs different points of view, even countries have own position on this problem: 39% of the world's women live under restrictive abortion laws: 25% in parts of the world where abortion is permitted only to save a woman's life or is prohibited altogether, 10% where abortion is allowed only when it is necessary to protect a woman's physical health or her life, and 4% in places where abortion is permitted only for these reasons or to protect a woman's mental health."

Tags:abortion, antopology, brazil, france, human, sexuality, usa, cultural, socioeconomic, differences, contraceptive, clandestine

Abstract
The focus of this paper is Carl Sauer's view of what constitutes the proper philosophy or perspective on education in geography, and also the main components it ought to have. The paper will also discuss the fact that Sauer was writing about fifty years ago and some of what he recommended (and experienced in his own education), has changed; some has remained the same.

Tags:carl, sauer, geography

Abstract
A paper on the life and theories of Carl Jung.

Tags:carl, jung

Abstract
This paper contends that few topics in American politics are more explosive and more divisive than abortion. It explains that although the legal history of abortion is relatively short, it is complicated and continues to be actively debated and pursued by activists on both sides of the argument: pro-choice activists are refocusing their fight to achieve greater access to abortions for all women and pro-life activists, while combating these new pro-abortion pursuits, continue to fight for an overturning of the original decision that led to the legalization of abortion, Roe v. Wade. This paper reviews a representation of the literature on the abortion debate, as well as the legal history and moral debate.

From the Paper
"More than thirty years after Roe the jury is still out. Few topics in American politics are more explosive and more divisive than abortion. Perhaps this is because it encompasses a vast combination of one's constitutional rights, moral issues, religious belief .."

Tags:abortion, Roe v. Wade, NARAL, NRLC, pro-life, pro-choice, reproductive rights, pro-abortion, Supreme Court