Abstract
Perusing he history of the Caribbean can instruct its readership about the distinctions between resistance and revolution. This is because the Caribbean countries have suffered from colonization and exploitation by many different empires for over four hundred years; Spain, France Britain, The Netherlands and other nations have taken metals from the mainland, started sugar plantations on many of the islands, and have imported slaves from Africa to expedite the harvesting of crops and stripping lands of their minerals.

From the Paper
Perusing he history of the Caribbean can instruct its readership about the distinctions between resistance and revolution. This is because the Caribbean countries have suffered from colonization and exploitation by many different empires for over four hundred years; Spain, France Britain, The Netherlands and other nations have taken metals from the mainland, started sugar plantations on many of the islands, and have imported slaves from Africa to expedite the harvesting of crops and stripping lands of their minerals. European military technology and organization was dominant throughout the world, and so the disparate rural peoples throughout the Caribbean could

Tags:caribbean, resistance, revolution

Abstract
The paper relates that while syncretism is a concept that is more often applied to the study of the interaction of religious cultures, within the context of Caribbean civilization this "process of cultural maroonage, of Creolization as the creative and innovative means of fending off oppressive and dehumanising values, is the key to understanding the multilayeredness and polyphony of Caribbean cultures" (Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2). In this context, this paper argues the thesis - with reference to a comparative analysis of Caribbean religious traditions and popular culture - that these syncretic processes of rupturing and reforging traditions continue to be manifest today in the re-shaping of Caribbean society.

From the Paper
"While syncretism is a concept that is more often applied to the study of the interaction of religious cultures, within the context of Caribbean civilization this "process of cultural maroonage, of Creolization as the creative and innovative means of fending off oppressive and dehumanising values, is the key to understanding the multilayeredness and polyphony of Caribbean cultures" (Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2). In this context, this paper will argue the thesis - with reference to a comparative analysis of..."

Tags:caribbean, culture, religion

Abstract
The paper looks at two points about Indo-Caribbean people and the Indo-Caribbean culture. The first question discusses the historical, racial, social and cultural implications of the field-song "Oh Maninga." The second looks at two contributions to the study of Indo-Caribbean culture by women, specifically writing and cultural transmission.

From the Paper
"The song "Oh Maninga" illustrates a small part of the world of the Indo-Caribbean indentured laborer. The song shows a part of the world that was not frequently seen or discussed in historical literature until recently. Patterns of race and class, gender and culture can be seen in this song. Until the last few decades, people have not been interested in the people who worked in the Caribbean as indentured servants in horrible conditions for little compensation. Part of this is due to the racism inherent in the dominant western culture where those writing the history were not interested in the stories of the poor, especially not the women or otherwise powerless."

Tags:caribbean, indian, women

Abstract
This essay is a study of the island of Jamaica. It gives an historical overview of its discovery. It details Jamaica's social, political, and economic situation and describes the main factors that effect its situation. This paper also examines the adjacent Caribbean islands and their present day situations. It gives an historical overview of the discovery of the Caribbean and the part the British and Japanese have played in the Caribbean's history.

From the Paper
"Early in the sixteenth century, Spaniards landed on, and claimed, the island of Jamaica. Previously inhabited only by Arawak Indians, the island, located along the ocean route connecting the Old World to the New World, soon became a way station for Spanish galleons and a marketplace for slaves and goods from many countries. Along with the Spaniards, it was home to British citizens as well as multinational buccaneers and entrepreneurs.

"According to Daniel J. Seyler, in his contribution to Countries of the World, "Jamaica's story is one of independence that began in the seventeenth century with the Maroons, runaway slaves who resisted the British colonizers by carrying out hit-and run attacks from the interior. Their 7,000 descendants in the Cockpit Country have symbolized the fervent, sometimes belligerent, love of freedom that is ingrained in the Jamaican people as a result of both their British tutelage and their history of slavery. Independence came quietly, however, without a revolutionary struggle, apparently reflecting the lasting imprint of the British parliamentary legacy on Jamaican society" (Seyler 1991)."

Tags:Jamaica, Panama, Caribbean, British, Japanese, basin, Guyana

Abstract
In this paper, the cultural contributions given by women in Indo-Caribbean history relate directly to the resistance movements that were part of the slavery and indentured servitude they labored beneath. The writer discusses that the identity of Indian women that worked on the plantations, a remarkably small minority to men in the Caribbean, were not the dainty females that modern historiography might impart, but women able to fight alongside men in times of revolt.

From the Paper
"The basis of indentured servitude of the capitalist agenda of the ruling European parties in the Caribbean reflect the general aspects of slave labor that made places, such as Guyana, a racially divided place. The basis of race and historiography can determine why sugar cane cutters in Guyana suffered, as we hear within the song "Oh Maninga", as sung by Neisha Benjamin. These relate the historiographical commonalities that represent the capitalist agenda to conduct low wages and tyrannical ruling by the sugar cane managers."

Tags:caribbean, slave, canada

Abstract
This paper consists of two essays on the relationship between Caribbean women and globalization and the conflicts that exist between gender, race/ethnicity and globalization. The paper also addresses colonialism as a major issue.

From the Paper
"The readings for this week were "The Indentureship Experience" and "Feminism, Nationalism, and the Early Women's movement in the English-Speaking Caribbean" by Rhoda Reddock. It can be argued that although these readings focus on different aspects of Caribbean Women's studies there are a number of similar themes. A common theme in both readings is the idea that systems of racial/ethnic and gender based exclusion are impacting women in the Caribbean twice. In particular, we see Caribbean women from different racial/ethnic groups being separated from each other. We also see women being exploited by..."

Tags:caribbean, women, reflections

Abstract
This paper examines the problems of globalization and the implications of globalization for the small Caribbean states. It looks at how information technology and the liberalization of markets are expected to accelerate in the twenty-first century and how the small states of the Caribbean must respond effectively to these changes and challenges if they are to participate productively in the emerging global economy.
Outline
Introduction/Preface
Introduction to the Study
21st Century Challenges
Globalization
Deficits of Small Caribbean States
Regional Integration As A Solution
Introduction Endnotes
Chapter I ? Small States and Regional Integration
in the Caribbean
Introduction
Defining Small States
Defining Small Caribbean States
Theories of Integration
Integration in the Caribbean
Chapter Summary and Conclusion
Chapter Endnotes
II ? Challenges in the Global Environment for Small Caribbean States
Introduction
Evolving Global Environment and Implications For CARICOM
Treaties and Protocols Affecting Small Caribbean States
WTO and Small Caribbean States
CBI, CARIBCAN, FTAA, NAFTA, and Small Caribbean States
Chapter Summary and Conclusion
Chapter Endnotes
III ? Problems And Opportunities For
Small Caribbean States
Introduction
Internal Deficits in Small Caribbean States
Opportunities for Small Caribbean States
Chapter Summary and Conclusion
Chapter Endnotes
IV ? Prospects for the Future for Small Caribbean States
Introduction
Economic and Political Outlook for Small Caribbean States
The Drug Trade Issue
International Aid and Small
Caribbean States
Chapter Summary and Conclusion
Chapter Endnotes
V ? Regional Integration as an Imperative For Small Caribbean States
Introduction
Regional Integration As An Imperative
Pitfalls of Integration
Caribbean and Latin American Generally
Legacy of Colonialism
Study Conclusion
Chapter Endnotes
Bibliography

From the Paper
"In 1980, a report to the Caribbean Common Market Council of Ministers by a "Group of Caribbean Experts," concluded that while CARICOM had achieved some meaningful levels of integration, the level of integration attained was insufficient to serve as a basis for effective participation in the global economy. The most serious breaches involved failures to observe trading rules; however, many other challenges were not addressed by the organization. By 1992, however, the West Indian Commission concluded that the number of functioning regional organizations in the CARICOM family numbered an "impressive" 200. The Commission concluded also, however, that the test will be "whether or not this Community of Member States has matured to a degree where it can accept temporary member difficulty, and even pain, without drawing back, in order to move towards a Community of closer union for the larger and longer-term benefit.""

Tags:liberalization, globalization, trade, caricom, market

Abstract
The paper relates that the concern in Lindsay's essay is the proper interpretation of a trend which appears to be marginalization of the black male in the Caribbean but may be nothing more significant than poor interpretation of data in studies. The paper explains that Jamaica has been marked by patriarchy which seems to be undermined because of women's undertakings in the labour force and education as well as their leading roles in the household and these developments can be interpreted to mean that Jamaica is becoming dominated by females. The paper discusses how Lindsay's thesis is that women's apparent power and leadership roles in Jamaica are limited and not overly meaningful once the data are reexamined. The paper argues that the study which Lindsay discusses is alarming in many of its statements because it is clearly informed by a patriarchal bias.

From the Paper
"The concern in Lindsay's essay is the proper interpretation of a trend which appears to be marginalization of the black male in the Caribbean but may be nothing more significant than poor interpretation of data in studies. Jamaica has been marked by patriarchy which seems to be undermined because of women's undertakings in the labour force and education as well as their leading roles in the household. These developments can be interpreted to mean that Jamaica is becoming dominated by females. Lindsay's thesis is that women's apparent power and leadership..."

Tags:patriarchy, women's, liberation

Abstract
This paper discusses themes related to Caribbean women through a discussion of "The Indentureship Experience" and "Feminism, Nationalism, and the Early Women's movement in the English-Speaking Caribbean" by Rhoda Reddock. The paper argues that although these readings focus on different aspects of Caribbean women's studies there are a number of similar themes.

From the Paper
"Reddock argues that many of the early feminist movements in the Caribbean developed out of projects to develop economic capacity. In particular she notes that the self-help society of Jamaica and the home industries in Trinidad and Tobago developed as small operations to create jobs and allow people to earn livelihoods(Reddock 63-64)."
"The fact that feminism was linked to charitable organizations was a direct attempt to keep women out of public life. Reddock argues that these women were allowed to participate in these charities because it was not seen as a threat to patriarchal power. In fact women's participation in these organizations actually strengthened men's domination in society. This was done by linking women's public activities to activities conducted in the private sphere(Reddock 65-67)."

Tags:patriarchal, public, domination

Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that although there is a concerted effort to realize the inequalities of the workload that women now partake in the new liberated feminism of the 21st century, there is still a greater lack of care or response by males to father their children. The writer claims that in this manner, the need for a religious and economic reformation of mother's roles, should be constructed to help integrate family ideals into the male milieu.

From the Paper
"The theme of feminist group marginalization is the basis of the articles written by Gloria Steinem and Audre Lorde. In both cases the modernity of feminist principles that give women greater freedoms is becoming a 'pass' style of counter culture values within the patriarchal milieu of society. In this manner, women in society, especially as young students on campuses, are prone to be at school for reasons other than education or liberating principles for their sex or gender role. Steinem reflects this stage in feminist ideology."

Tags:feminist, studies, articles