Abstract This paper discusses the profitability of cargocontribution for airlines. It includes the factors that can impact increased profitability such as hidden costs and containerization of air cargo shipments.
From the Paper "For most airlines cargo contribution represents the difference between profit and loss. As Murray Smyth, Sabre Airline Solutions' vice president for Europe the Middle East and Africa, puts it, cargo is an increasingly important element ..."
Abstract An essay discussing the various contributions of the Turner Foundation to the environment. The author examines the financial and volunteer labor that this foundation has offered and the positive impact on health and the local environment that these type of efforts make.
From the Paper "Ted Turner is perfectly happy to pour money down the drain ? at least, if it can help preserve the quality of America's waters, and especially the rivers that feed into and out of Georgia. The money contributed by his Turner Foundation along with contributions in terms of volunteer labor to the local environment given by workers from his companies have had a substantial positive impact on the health of the local environment and local waterways, especially the Chattahoochee River. His work demonstrates that corporations can be responsible and that the work of an individual passionately committed to a cause can make a substantial difference."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of aviation and air cargo development in past two centuries, outlining the most important and interesting events from the historical point of view that contribute to the modern concept of air cargo. The paper examines the development of air cargo as an economics sector in the United States and provides basic facts about the company that is associated with modern civil aviation and remains to be its leader for more than 50 years, Boeing. The paper presents recent air cargo statistics, describes the situation in this industry in other countries, and offers some facts about the most powerful air freights of modern time produced by America's main competitor, the former Soviet Union.
From the Paper "In the era of globalization we can not imagine life without goods exchange, freight traffic and communication. Transportation and communication means guarantee the development of economics, its interaction with the rest of economical world community and simply form a part of modern civilization's infrastructure. Such progress was achieved only because of rapid technological and industrial growth which started only two centuries ago. The development of air cargo is tightly connected with the development of aviation as technology and as industry. Air cargo is one of the most popular applications of aviation achievements in modern world. That's why history of early air cargo is also related to history of aviation as moving objects by air was one of the oldest dreams of humanity."
Abstract This paper explains that, even though oil companies are credited with most of the blame, reasons contributing to the recent high rises in oil are such factors as the increasing demands for oil products in Asia, Russia's primary oil company's recent failure, oil producing companies' political instability, terrorism and fears regarding military tactics. The paper points out that the air cargo industry is adversely affected by rising oil prices because fuel accounts for between 20-30% of their operational costs. The paper relates that these fuel costs for the air cargo industry also are affected by the airports that sell the fuel, the companies that supply the fuel to the airports and the government of the involved country. The paper includes a table, illustrations and the survey.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Predicting Problems
Reasoning Factors
Best/Usual/Worst Scenarios
Projections
Present Concerns
Basic Factors
Energy Costs
Short and Long Term Effects
Conclusion
Locating Bright Spots In and On the Not So Bright Side
Effect of Rising Oil Prices on the Air Cargo Industry
Survey
From the Paper "Questions are regularly contemplated and discussed whether terrorists' attacks on September 11, 2001 could be an additional factor contributing to decreases in the air cargo's profits. Lufthansa Cargo, however, with huge freighter fleets had already begun to decease their company's capacity before 911, responding to economic fallout. Following the 911 disaster, nevertheless, most airlines reduced their capacity by 10 -15 percent. In addition, a majority of carriers began to impose security surcharges to upset counter-terror actions."
Abstract This paper discusses the current regulations for transporting cargo on passenger airlines and notes that transportation of cargo is a multi-billion-dollar business that is critical to the American economy and the health of the airline industry. Specifically, the paper presents an overview of current regulations regarding the industry and considers the possible effects of a mandate to have 100 percent of cargo screened by 2009. A review of existing screening technologies shows that, without efficiency, cost and technology improvements, meeting the mandate could prove impossible without crippling the air cargo industry.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Regulations
Inspection Methods
Effects on Passenger Airlines
Technology, Funding must Provide Solutions
From the Paper "But what exactly does it mean to "screen" cargo? Screening does not entail thoroughly inspecting every piece of cargo placed on aircraft, which could undermine the logistics of air cargo transport by creating cost and time pressures. In fact, ATSA did not establish a specific requirement or percentage of air cargo that needed to by physically inspected. Importantly, ATSA seemed to recognize that present screening methods would make it impractical for all air cargo to be thoroughly checked, and the legislation called for the acceleration of research development, testing, and evaluation of threat screening technology for cargo loaded onto aircraft. In short, ATSA, as it is currently written, allows for a great deal of unchecked cargo to be loaded onto passenger planes."
Abstract An assessment of some of the various anthropological explanations for cargo cults. The paper aims to reveal how the history of Melanesia itself, from colonial administration to independence, is reflected in attitudes towards and explanations of, the cargo cult phenomenon. The paper includes a number of lengthy quotes from articles related to the topic, which try to explain the origins of the cult systems and how they developed through history.
From the Paper "Few topics in the field of anthropological study have spread across academic disciplines and, through journalism, entered into popular usage as completely as the term "cargo cult". So much so, Lindstrom (1993) contends, ?from the 1950's to the 1980"s, cargo cult became the orthodox term for Melanesian social movements" (Lindstrom 1993:38). Indeed there have been claims that the term is overused, even abused, with all quasi-religious cults and "native frenzies" being labelled or re-labelled cargo cults. "Nowadays, for example, many Melanesian political movements must take care to deny explicitly that they are any sort of cargo cult"."
Abstract Details such as the number of employees involved, supply chain operations, and the identity of cargo carriers are included. The paper also analyzes what is unique about Dell, the types of services it offers, and how they move their merchandise to and from locations.
Abstract This paper explains that contribution pay, which is a relatively new concept, combines elements of both performance and competency based pay schemes by recognizing employee achievements and competencies: (1) Employees are paid based on not only their individual job performance but also on their knowledge, skills and attitude, (2) pay is based on an employee's contribution and not just the set goals at hand and (3) employees can be judged on their merits rather than judged solely by a manager's personal discretion. The author points out that, aside from contribution pay, non-monetary incentive schemes also are effective ways of motivating employees because they might not tend to spend money on those rewards, such as travel and parking places, out of their own pockets. The paper relates that contribution pay, non-monetary rewards and a higher general pay are based on natural motivators such as recognition, peer pressure and obligation to work hard; however, ultimately, motivating employees comes down to good management and fair treatment because employees often reflect their environments.
From the Paper "Being hired at a higher salary motivates employee performance in the sense that an employee knows that they will lose a secure position if they are not productive contributors. There is no added pressure of having to meet certain output or sales goals to achieve more money. The financial rewards are already there. All one has to do is meet managerial expectations to maintain their already high status. When an employee exceeds expectation, they are usually rewarded with an annual raise. Furthermore, an employee whose only concern is their salaries based on "units sold" or "numbers met," cannot focus on bigger issues. Those paid the higher salaries can focus on developmental issues, customer service and look at the overall goals of their company as a whole."
Abstract This paper shows that, despite the enormous contributions made by Asian-Americans to American capitalism, U.S. immigration policies did not grant citizenship status to Asian-Americans until later modifications to the U.S. Immigration Acts of the 1960s.
Paper Outline
Introduction
The 1965 U.S. Immigration Act
Asian-American Contributions to American Capitalism
The Growth of American Chinatowns
U.S. Congress Designates May as Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month
The Building of the Trans-U.S. Railroad
Asian-American Contributions to the U.S. Military
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Chinese were the first Asians to arrive in the US in large numbers. By the 1830s Chinese were selling goods in New York City and toiling in Hawaiian sugarcane fields. Gold was discovered in California in 1848, eventually attracting thousands of Chinese miners and contract laborers. Through such cheap labor provided by early Asian immigrants, there is no denial that American Capitalism directly benefited from such contributions. Early Japanese immigrants also came to Hawaii and California to work in agriculture."
Abstract This paper discusses the vast and significant number of contributions and inventions made throughout history by ancient Chinese civilization. The paper points out that China was the first to introduce a complete school system, made several contributions toward the study of mathematics, invented the seismograph and the compass and developed iron and steel. The paper continues to discuss other significant Chinese inventions that have contributed to the development of all of civilization including paper, fireworks, and the small pox inoculation.
From the Paper "The Chinese contributed to education by introducing the first complete school system during the Western Zhou Dynasty during 1100-771 BC. The school system consisted of a seven-year junior level, followed by nine years of a senior level education. The educational system "was integrated with an official selection system." These schools served as training places for officials and were run by the local government."
Abstract This paper discusses if revolution can contribute, in any way, to the international order. The author explains the important distinctions between the different types of revolutions and on what international order is based. After assessing to what extent revolution can contribute to the international order the author concludes that history does seems to show that revolutions, in the short term, always disrupt international order, and in the longer term, may contribute to international order in certain manners.
From the Paper "Revolution, from the Latin revolutia, i.e. turn around, is a normative process that has, throughout the last centuries, been at the centre of the reflexion about world politics. It has shaped new countries, brought others to perish and, most importantly, showed the crucial role of human agency in international relations. "It is a natural manure" as Thomas Jefferson wrote . History and reality have shown that, in its various forms, revolution has not only had an impact on the international system but has been a major factor in its formation , especially since the French and American revolutions, respectively in 1789 and 1776. There is less consensus however on its consequences on international order - the order in relations among states-, if any.
"Effectively, it seems at first contradictory that a revolution, as the overthrow of a settled order , can contribute, in any manner, to the international one. Nevertheless, the reductionism of this approach tends to put aside important elements that must be considered."
Abstract This paper discusses the significant contributions of Galileo Galilei to the field of mathematics. It provides a brief history of his life and then focuses on some examples of the contributions that he made to mathematics. The paper also discusses his misinterpreted-battle between science and religion and how it overshadows many of the other contributions that Galileo made during his lifetime as a scientist and mathematician.
From the Paper "We often hear of a Copernican revolution in science, but Galileo was the instigator of a much more fundamental revolution that influenced both science and mathematics. The worldview that Galileo created to replace the Aristotelian worldview that dominated at the time contended that the world was made up only of matter whose properties and motions could be described in terms of mathematics (Machamer). In other words, Galileo advanced the now-obvious notion that mathematics was nothing short of the language of the universe. Using mathematics, Galileo was able to describe and understand the mechanics of the universe, effectively gaining a deeper understanding of the way that the world is put together. This is Galileo's most significant contribution to mathematics. He removed the idle, superstitious philosophy from the study of the natural world and pushed mathematics to the forefront of natural inquiries, demonstrating again and again that it could be used to understand the way the world works."
Abstract This essay critically assesses the contribution of cultural sociology to the understanding of religion. It does this by first examining and summarizing how three "classical sociological theorists" (i.e.: Weber, Durkheim and Marx) see the nature of religion as a cultural form. It then looks at various recent theories of religion under globalization. The author then assesses the contribution that these cultural theories give to the understanding of real religious phenomena through examining whether they can help in an understanding of Islamic fundamentalism in general, and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Algeria specifically. The paper includes extensive use of quotes from the three theorists.
From the Paper "In fact, according to Giddens, Marx believed that religion is the "opium of the people" (Giddens, 1996, p464). In other words, Marx believed that religion defers happiness and rewards to the afterlife, teaching the acceptance of existing conditions in this life. This means that attention is diverted away from inequalities and injustices in this life by promising a better future in the Afterlife. In addition to this, Budd believes that Marx thought religion not only reflected the suffering of the working class, but offered a "fantasy escape" from that suffering (Budd, 1973). Marx believed that religion had a very powerful ideological element, and that religious beliefs and values often provide justifications of inequalities of wealth and power (Giddens, 1996). He further claims that religion often has ideological implications which serve to justify the interests of the ruling class at the expense of other subordinate classes (Giddens, 1996)."
Abstract This paper examines the history of rhetoric and it's significance in early Greek and Roman civilizations that coincided with creation of democracy and the importance of public speech. It then shows Kenneth Burke's contribution to the new rhetoric as an argumentative weapon and his influence on the post-modern deconstructionism.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Section One: The Preceding Conversation
3. Section Two: Contribution to the Conversation
4. Section Three: Effect on the Conversation
5. Conclusion
From the paper:
"The word "rhetoric" has an old fashioned air about it. It calls up images of schoolrooms with children in ruffled collars and Latin grammars and not a laptop in sight for several centuries. But rhetoric is as alive as is language itself, and this paper examines the importance of rhetorical studies in helping each of us to become the best writers and speakers ? the best communicators ? that we can be. A historical study of changes models and standards in rhetoric can also provide us not only with a sense of how linguistic and especially English style has changed over the years as well as illuminating how our conception of language and its structure and function have changed as well. This paper engages in such an examination by focusing on the work of Kenneth Burke. We begin with a brief overview of the life of this man whose rhetorical work we will then examine."
Abstract St. Thomas Aquinas contributed a great deal to the entirety of Christian Theology both during and after his life; particularly in his writings. St. Thomas, as he is referred to in short, was an astute Biblical scholar who was as devoted to the faith in human reason as he was in God. St. Thomas' tome, Summa Theological, is, literally, the summation of his understanding of theology. In this work Aquinas single-handedly justified and 'proved' the whole of the spiritual nature, the soul, God, and a Christian life. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the contributions of St. Thomas Aquinas to Christian theology and his impact upon Christianity itself.
