Abstract This paper discusses the profitability of cargo contribution for airlines. It includes the factors that can impact increased profitability such as hidden costs and containerization of air cargo shipments.
From the Paper "For most airlines cargo contribution represents the difference between profit and loss. As Murray Smyth, Sabre Airline Solutions' vice president for Europe the Middle East and Africa, puts it, cargo is an increasingly important element ..."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of aviation and air cargo development in past two centuries, outlining the most important and interesting events from the historical point of view that contribute to the modern concept of air cargo. The paper examines the development of air cargo as an economics sector in the United States and provides basic facts about the company that is associated with modern civil aviation and remains to be its leader for more than 50 years, Boeing. The paper presents recent air cargo statistics, describes the situation in this industry in other countries, and offers some facts about the most powerful air freights of modern time produced by America's main competitor, the former Soviet Union.
From the Paper "In the era of globalization we can not imagine life without goods exchange, freight traffic and communication. Transportation and communication means guarantee the development of economics, its interaction with the rest of economical world community and simply form a part of modern civilization's infrastructure. Such progress was achieved only because of rapid technological and industrial growth which started only two centuries ago. The development of air cargo is tightly connected with the development of aviation as technology and as industry. Air cargo is one of the most popular applications of aviation achievements in modern world. That's why history of early air cargo is also related to history of aviation as moving objects by air was one of the oldest dreams of humanity."
Abstract This paper discusses the current regulations for transporting cargo on passenger airlines and notes that transportation of cargo is a multi-billion-dollar business that is critical to the American economy and the health of the airline industry. Specifically, the paper presents an overview of current regulations regarding the industry and considers the possible effects of a mandate to have 100 percent of cargo screened by 2009. A review of existing screening technologies shows that, without efficiency, cost and technology improvements, meeting the mandate could prove impossible without crippling the air cargo industry.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Regulations
Inspection Methods
Effects on Passenger Airlines
Technology, Funding must Provide Solutions
From the Paper "But what exactly does it mean to "screen" cargo? Screening does not entail thoroughly inspecting every piece of cargo placed on aircraft, which could undermine the logistics of air cargo transport by creating cost and time pressures. In fact, ATSA did not establish a specific requirement or percentage of air cargo that needed to by physically inspected. Importantly, ATSA seemed to recognize that present screening methods would make it impractical for all air cargo to be thoroughly checked, and the legislation called for the acceleration of research development, testing, and evaluation of threat screening technology for cargo loaded onto aircraft. In short, ATSA, as it is currently written, allows for a great deal of unchecked cargo to be loaded onto passenger planes."
Abstract This paper explains that, even though oil companies are credited with most of the blame, reasons contributing to the recent high rises in oil are such factors as the increasing demands for oil products in Asia, Russia's primary oil company's recent failure, oil producing companies' political instability, terrorism and fears regarding military tactics. The paper points out that the air cargo industry is adversely affected by rising oil prices because fuel accounts for between 20-30% of their operational costs. The paper relates that these fuel costs for the air cargo industry also are affected by the airports that sell the fuel, the companies that supply the fuel to the airports and the government of the involved country. The paper includes a table, illustrations and the survey.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Predicting Problems
Reasoning Factors
Best/Usual/Worst Scenarios
Projections
Present Concerns
Basic Factors
Energy Costs
Short and Long Term Effects
Conclusion
Locating Bright Spots In and On the Not So Bright Side
Effect of Rising Oil Prices on the Air Cargo Industry
Survey
From the Paper "Questions are regularly contemplated and discussed whether terrorists' attacks on September 11, 2001 could be an additional factor contributing to decreases in the air cargo's profits. Lufthansa Cargo, however, with huge freighter fleets had already begun to decease their company's capacity before 911, responding to economic fallout. Following the 911 disaster, nevertheless, most airlines reduced their capacity by 10 -15 percent. In addition, a majority of carriers began to impose security surcharges to upset counter-terror actions."
Abstract An assessment of some of the various anthropological explanations for cargo cults. The paper aims to reveal how the history of Melanesia itself, from colonial administration to independence, is reflected in attitudes towards and explanations of, the cargo cult phenomenon. The paper includes a number of lengthy quotes from articles related to the topic, which try to explain the origins of the cult systems and how they developed through history.
From the Paper "Few topics in the field of anthropological study have spread across academic disciplines and, through journalism, entered into popular usage as completely as the term "cargo cult". So much so, Lindstrom (1993) contends, ?from the 1950's to the 1980"s, cargo cult became the orthodox term for Melanesian social movements" (Lindstrom 1993:38). Indeed there have been claims that the term is overused, even abused, with all quasi-religious cults and "native frenzies" being labelled or re-labelled cargo cults. "Nowadays, for example, many Melanesian political movements must take care to deny explicitly that they are any sort of cargo cult"."
Abstract Details such as the number of employees involved, supply chain operations, and the identity of cargo carriers are included. The paper also analyzes what is unique about Dell, the types of services it offers, and how they move their merchandise to and from locations.
Abstract This paper critiques two air cargo related articles, "Best and the Brightest" by William DeCota, and "U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Approves Telair International Blast-Resistant Baggage Container" by Teleflex Incorporated. It looks at how the first article argues that containers have helped the air cargo industry grow, and the second article discusses new container technology. It explores how, although the aviation industry is very well-known for transporting people, the air cargo service is becoming more attractive to shippers as aircraft's capacity, frequency of lifts, handling facilities, and number of service locations increases.
From the Paper "Containerization protected the cargo on both the ground and while in flight from things like shift damage, theft, and weather. But, because containers put the entire cargo in one centralized canister, containerization actually made it easier for thieves to steal an entire cargo as opposed to if the shipment were split and most container damage occurs because of overcrowded conditions that force cargo to be stacked above recommended heights or re-positioned frequently. Nonetheless, the industry has been able to standardize air cargo and from the invention of containers the cargo industry has grown."
Abstract This paper examines how the shipping industry is not homogeneous, but consists of several discrete sectors, each of which operates in different commercial and regulatory regimes, whose needs serve different types of purpose-built vessels. The three main sectors are passenger shipping service, liner cargo services and bulk cargo-carrying services. It provides an analysis of bulk shipping and liner shipper sectors through the comparison of their characteristics, discussing their contestability in transportation market. A recommendation for improving both sectors contestability is also given.
From the Paper "Since bulk ships usually are designed for particular types of cargoes, they are unsuitable for other commodities. This is quite different from the liner sector, where all kinds of containerised cargoes can be carried on cellular container ships. This causes those containerisable cargoes to be diverted to be transported by liner shipping instead of bulk shipping because of the great efficiency in port of the cellular system and its inter-modal capability. This has given such a competitive advantage that it will in due course dominate the whole sector, leaving only a small volume of physically non- containerable cargo for residual services."
Abstract The paper analyzes the problem of in-transit theft. The writer explains the need for a multi-faceted approach in logistic systems, systems that can literally mean the difference between success in business and bankruptcy. The paper analyzes the likelihood of secure freight yards and warehouses reducing the incidence of cargo theft, because so much of the theft is carried out by employees. The writer concludes that for many companies, determining whether the thefts are internal or external is more cost and labor intensive than implementing across-the-board loss prevention measures.
From the Paper "Furthermore, theft in logistics systems is a major problem. "Worldwide, cargo theft losses total $30 billion a year, according to the International Chamber of Commerce" (Chubb Group). While cargo theft occurs across the board, there are some products that are more vulnerable to theft: those that are highly valuable for their size, are easily transportable, and are easily sold at a high profit (Chubb Group). For example, trucks bearing cigarettes are vulnerable to theft because increased taxes on cigarettes have made their black-market sale especially lucrative."
Abstract This paper explains the importance of strict control and regulation of hazardous goods and materials given the large number of reported possible infractions relating to the hazardous goods and materials regulations. The author stresses that the FAA acts and regulates in close conjunction with other governmental bodies and agencies. Many of these hazardous substances requiring transportation are fuel, farming and medical applications and materials related to manufacturing, mining, and other industrial uses, which are essential to the running of the economy. The paper relates that the three policy principles of the FAA dangerous hazards policy can be summarized as regulation, research and outreach.
Table of Contents:
Introduction and Overview
Policy, Regulations and Procedures
Conclusion
From the Paper "Other substances are also referred to according to a four-tier system of identification and regulation. These refer to the identification of certain dangerous goods by name - those goods or materials that are known to be hazardous. The second category is the identification of hazardous materials by hazard class and subdivision. In other words, this refers to certain subdivisions of the classes of dangerous materials that are known to cause fire or explosions. The third level of identification refers to the identification and restriction pf goods according to quantity."
Abstract Discusses the Merchant Marine industry and international trade. Cargo of merchant vessels. General purpose & specialized cargos. Maritime law and wages & relation to economic theory. Work environment aboard ships. International population of maritime industry. Theory of wage subsidies. Economic argument re: minimum wage; relation to ships country of origin.
From the Paper "Introduction
International trade has received much attention recently as the impact of the Internet and other advances in technology and shipping have made it possible to ship goods throughout the world effectively and efficiently. However, international trade has been in existence for thousands of years, and as nations began shipping goods on the high seas (an efficient way to transport large quantities of goods over long distances), problems began to arise. If a ship flying a Greek flag with a Spanish captain and Portuguese crew carrying a cargo from Italy encountered problems in a French port, which nation's laws should have jurisdiction? It was from this need to regulate and protect international shipping that maritime law was developed. The tradition and regulations associated with maritime law remain in force to this day, and maritime law ..."
Abstract This paper discusses safety in the 21st century and enhancing it by focusing on cabin and cockpit safety. Presently, the only automated systems required on board modern aircraft are the automatic fire detection systems for the engines and cargo compartments receptacle fire bottles. Manually operated extinguishers are provided for the engine and cargo areas. Pilot-controlled fire extinguishing systems exist for both these areas. Some aircraft have overheat detection in the avionics compartments, but no automated fire extinguishing system. Integrated systems are needed to detect and extinguish fires in aircraft, wherever they occur, before they can damage the aircraft or its systems. Since 1996, there have been three major aircraft accidents involving fire in the cockpit and cabin. Two had no fire detection systems; those accidents were fatal. The aircraft involved in the third accident had smoke detection that enabled the crew to land before the aircraft was severely damaged. This should make it clear that fire detection saves lives.
From the Paper "e industry has not kept pace with the demand put on it by significant changes to the design of electrical systems on airplanes. There needs to be a great deal of work done to prevent electrical fires from the beginning. We also need systems designed to provide fire detection and suppression in all the possible fire regions in the airplane fuselage, both accessible and inaccessible. Failure to execute these changes will put crews and passengers at an unnecessarily risk to experience a catastrophic in-flight fire, a terrible fate experienced by too many already. We can prevent in-flight fire catastrophes if we want to."
Abstract In this paper, the writer examines the general cargo Port of New Orleans. The writer mentions a brief history of the port and looks at how it functions today. The writer discusses the structure of the Port of New Orleans. Further, the writer examines the way cargo is moved in and out of the port and studies its economics.
From the Paper "The Port of New Orleans was first discovered by the French and has been fought over, was the reason for the Louisiana Purchase and is now one of America's most modern and popular general cargo ports. New Orleans has been a center for international trade since its founding by the French. The Port of New Orleans is located at the mouth of the Mississippi River with six class one rail lines and facilities for shipments of general cargo which includes manufactured and ... "
Abstract The paper describes the rich history of the Norfolk International Airport (NIA), which is located in Virginia close to the birthplace of aviation. The author points out that the Norfolk Airport Authority, which is a political subdivision of the Commonwealth of Virginia and is an independent autonomous agency of the City of Norfolk, operates NIA. The paper relates that, since NIA is a municipal agency, it does not provide any type of annual report to its investors and the public; however, it does publish an activity report that essentially gives the same information. The author illustrates the operations of the tower. The paper includes many charts and illustrations.
Table of Contents:
History and Development
Administration and Organizational Structure
Aviation statistics
Airside Facilities
Runway Data
Navigation Aids
Airport Services
Terminal Facilities
Retail Establishments/Banks
Ground Transportation
Parking Facilities
Airlines Serving the Airport
Hotels/Lodging
Other Aviation Businesses
Meeting Facilities
Fire Department
Police / Security Departments
Field Maintenance Facility
Air Cargo Noise Abatement Program
Marketing Efforts
Federal Services
Control Tower
NIA's Future Development
Airfield
Baggage Claim
Parking
Air Cargo
From the Paper "NIA's Police Department maintains an outstanding working relationship with its mutual aid partners. A liaison between the Cities of Norfolk and Virginia Beach Police Departments is well established and their assistance is called upon for specialized needs. On a state level, the bomb squad from the Bureau of Criminal Investigations of the Virginia State Police is the primary response for any related incident related to a possible explosive devise. Uniformed Virginia State Troopers, mandated by the Virginia State Code to investigate all aircraft-related incidents, are the primary response agency for the above-mentioned matters."
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the importance of Lake Erie to the industrial and commercial markets of Northern Ohio, the state of Ohio and the entire United States.
Abstract The importance of the lake for the State of Ohio's industrial sector is paramount according to the writer. The paper explores this importance for the shipping sector and the impact on the steel industry in Ohio. It also shows that the lake is a tourist attraction which generates spending as well as being used as a recreational area for the local population.
From the Paper "Lake Erie supports all types of business and industry via her shipping routes, and her natural resources. The lake contains large amounts of sand and gravel, which construction companies use for a variety of products. The building industry uses them for cement, paving, laying stone and brick, and in many other areas. Much of this sand and gravel comes from yearly dredging which is necessary to keep the ports in Ohio open."
Tags: lake, ship, shipping, travel, industry, steel, cargo, port, ohio, state, north
