Abstract
The paper describes GPS cargo tracking in terms of the history of GPS, types of tracking devices, protection and threats, the use of technology in cargo security, and the benefits and costs of GPS cargo tracking.

From the Paper
"Developments in the realm of international trade have increased the need for heightened security on the sea, in ports and in other facilities related to the transportation system which moves cargo from point to point throughout the entire supply and distribution chain. The movement of cargo naturally involves multiple transportation routes or systems including those at sea, in the air and on land. The threat of terrorist attacks, coupled with the threat of theft, mandate developing effective..."

Tags:GPS, cargo tracking

Abstract
The paper answers three questions dealing with cargo security and cargo theft.

From the Paper
"The motivation which leads to cargo crimes such as theft derives from a variety of factors including greed, risk-taking behavior, a pursuit of the thrill of the theft itself and a belief that one is justified in stealing to meet needs that are otherwise unmet. As Erik Hoffer puts it, thieves steal because the reward is greater than the risk. Cargo thefts generally involve large amounts of valuable items that are taken not primarily for personal use but for resale. There is a..."

Tags:cargo, theft, terrorism

Abstract
The paper answers 2 questions on cargo crime and organized crime and on a GAO report on inspecting cargo containers.

From the Paper
"The U.S. General Accountability Office (GAO) reported to Congress that efforts to improve the automated targeting system by means of which cargo containers can be screened for contraband or dangerous materials and substances have not reached their intended goals and objectives. The report suggests that a number of vulnerabilities still remain and that among those vulnerabilities, one must list problems inadequately scanning cargo at the nation's ports. While high-tech protection strategies including various scanning devices such as biometric-based technologies are being touted as having..."

Tags:cargo, crime, container

Abstract
This paper discusses the profitability of cargo contribution for airlines. It includes the factors that can impact increased profitability such as hidden costs and containerization of air cargo shipments.

From the Paper
"For most airlines cargo contribution represents the difference between profit and loss. As Murray Smyth, Sabre Airline Solutions' vice president for Europe the Middle East and Africa, puts it, cargo is an increasingly important element ..."

Tags:cargo, airlines, cargo contribution, transport, profitability

Abstract
The paper answers three questions on cargo security: responsibility, the CRS Report for Congress, and personnel interaction in loss control, cargo clearance and security.

From the Paper
"The responsibility for cargo security is shared among a number of different players. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) pointed out that it has general oversight of establishing a system for supply chain security that mitigates the evolving terrorist threat, while facilitating the free flow of global commerce to ensure the physical and economic well-being of the United States and its trade partners. In addition, DHS works with port authorities, individual shippers and carriers, manufacturers and distributors and an entire host of transport providers to ensure..."

Tags:cargo security, border security

Abstract
The paper summarizes four articles/blogs about the use of technology in cargo security.

From the Paper
"This article about efforts at GE to develop container security devices (CSDs) and an intelligent data network capable of detecting unauthorized access to a container and monitoring it while in transit, illustrates the development of new strategies for securing cargo. Such technologies clearly rely upon GPS to communicate between the palm sized CSD attached to the door jamb inside a standard maritime container which then transmits its status to fixed wireless readers at ports. This allows for much greater scrutiny of containers in..."

Tags:cargo security, technology

Abstract
The paper discusses various aspects of air cargo security including threats, costs, screening, inspection, and laws and regulations.

From the Paper
"This report examines a variety of issues related to identifying threats to air cargo security and enhancing intervention and prevention efforts designed to reduce the threats posed by thieves terrorists and others. It identifies key issues leading to recognition of the need for improved security measures e.g. Pan Flight Valu Jet Flight and the September 11 terrorist attacks, defines the threats facing the field considers the differences between screening and inspection, offers an overview of security regulation and considers the economic impact of enhanced..."

Tags:air cargo security, screening, inspection, cost

Abstract
The paper answers three questions about cargo security: information sharing, strategy, and pushing back borders.

From the Paper
"Since the terrorist attacks on the United States, government has increased its efforts to improve information sharing between law enforcement and intelligence agencies at the local, state and federal levels. (Kochems) Cargo transport and warehousing are key areas addressed by such efforts, the Green Lane Maritime Cargo Security Act of is one example of legislation that calls for developing and maintaining accessible cargo shipment transport databases that can be used to track cargo and identify its owners or shippers. Additionally, the Pennsylvania Office of..."

Tags:cargo security, information sharing, borders

Abstract
The paper summarizes four articles on cargo security that discuss homeland security, terrorism, and import.

From the Paper
"The Importer Security Filing and Additional Carrier Requirements interim final rule is designed to facilitate activities of Customs and Border Protection with respect to preventing the transportation of terrorist weapons into the United States. The new regulations, including the ...-Hour Rule are clearly designed to facilitate the rapid deployment of responses to potential threats. The rules include multiple requirements for both importers and exporters. They are likely to be of benefit to customs and border protection agents in..."

Tags:cargo security, terrorism, Homeland Security

Abstract
The paper discusses the problem of cargo theft, security and terrorism for shippers.

From the Paper
"Shippers as well as transporters of cargo are naturally focused on the issues of cargo theft, terrorism and security. In the United States, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has told air and ground cargo shippers that ... will be a year of accountability but many within the industry are uncertain as to precisely how new efforts to reduce cargo theft and prevent terrorism while enhancing security will play out in real world settings. Overall, Badolato predicted that the emergence of sophisticated information technology..."

Tags:cargo security, theft, terrorism