Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine if a higher internal locus of control would predict a higher level of life satisfaction for caretakers of Alzheimer's patients. The subjects in the present study are 50 male and female caretakers of Alzheimer's patients, who volunteered from a local treatment center. Subjects responded to two test instruments: the Belief in Personal Control Scale and the Satisfaction With Life Scale.
Results of the simple regression analysis used, statistically validate the hypothesis. The predictability index demonstrated that as levels of locus of control increased, levels of life satisfaction increased. Implications of this research are that since caretakers tend to be happier when they feel more in control, social workers and other health practitioners striving to increase this tendency, would provide greater assistance to this population.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Statement
Literature Research
Methods Report
Summary Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Caregiving responsibilities or perceived responsibilities result in stress. The caregiver's relationship to the patient has been a factor found to influence service utilization, and therefore stress levels. For example, caregiver's who are children, rather than spouses, tend to use institutional options more often. When institutions are not used, the constant vigilance necessary as well as the mounding fear, become a burden to the caretaker, which may further result in reactions of guilt and shame. Thus perceived responsibilities and perceived possible solutions are factors in caretaker's stress levels (Ganzer & england, 1994, pp. 174-180)."
Analyzes the themes of four plays "Absence of War" (David Hare), "Indian Ink" (Tom Stoppard), "The Caretaker" (Harold Pinter) and "Shadow of a Gunman" (Sean O'Cassey).
2,074 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 4 sources, 2002, $ 65.95
Abstract This paper examines four plays from around the globe and analyzes their central themes. The paper shows how David Hare's "Absence of War" introduces audiences to the British political system and the total lack of personality in its leaders. In "Indian Ink", by Tom Stoppard, the paper discusses the play's emphasis on the colonial era in India and power relations in the world. The paper looks at the psychological state of the characters in Harold Pinter's "The Caretaker" and the way their attire contributes to this state. Finally, the paper shows how Sean O'Casey, in his play "Shadow of a Gunman", shapes his material the distinction between illusion and reality.
From the Paper "The play involves an ongoing series of interactions among these three. Davies and Aston conflict almost from the moment they arrive in this room, for they are very unlike and react differently to everything that happens. Mick, on the other hand, serves the role of goad, seeming to come from nowhere and to place demands. In the First Act, Mick is only seen twice, both times in his leather jacket, signaling a certain fascist mentality in his dress. His behavior confirms this as he enters silently, twists Davies's arm, and searches through Davies clothing, all as if he had the right to do so and should never be questioned."
Tags: George, Jones, Whitehall, Cenotaph, Flora, Crewes, Nirad, Das
Abstract This paper considers the many challenges and obstacles encountered by individuals with developmental disabilities and the caretakers of those individuals. The paper discusses the stress of caring for someone with a developmental disability, the harmful effects caused by negative stereotyping of the developmentally disabled and functional difficulties that the developmentally disabled experience in society.
Outline
Societal View
Stereotypes
Challenges for Families
Functioning in Society
Assisting Transitions
From the Paper "The societal view of people with developmental disabilities such as autism, down's syndrome, and mental retardation is complicated. On the one hand, there is a tradition in Western healthcare of institutionalizing these clients and keeping them separate from society. On the other hand, there is a growing movement for the integration of these individuals into productive roles into society through assisted living, independent living, and other alternatives stressing independence and empowerment of the disabled individual. This is sometimes known as the respective eras of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization in respect to individuals with developmental disabilities and how society views them. Seltzer et. al (2001) remark that "Many agencies that provide services to individuals with mental retardation were created in the era of deinstitutionalization (sic) and many still serve individuals who previously lived in state institutions whose families may not be highly involved."
Abstract This paper outlines the history of mental health law in the UK, identifying a number of key principles of health care economics and ethics, with a focus on the particular incentives and trade-offs that are raised by these principles at three levels of the mental health system: government and society; purchasers and providers; and users and caretakers. The paper then suggests that there is a need to move towards a more open, accountable, and evidence-based mental health care system, which would be fully supported by UK law.
Table of Contents
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Healthcare
Four Principles of Healthcare Economics
Four Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Tensions in Healthcare Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers Linking the Past to the Present
From the Paper "In the United Kingdom, a debate has surfaced in recent years regarding existing mental health laws . This debate raises important questions about human rights, duty of care, individual responsibility, the nature of mental illness and the purpose of mental health services. The focus of this debate revolves around the libertarian principles of autonomy and self-determination. In basic terms, stakeholders in the debate, including mental health professionals, insurance companies, patients and family members, have varying ideas regarding whether or not we can justify the legalized use of force by mental health services on individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder who have not committed a crime."
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Healthcare
Four Principles of Healthcare Economics
Four Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Tensions in Healthcare Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present
This extensive research paper analyzes U.K. case law regarding mental health to develop a set of recommendations to be used as a guideline for creating an improved legal system for mental health.
Abstract This paper outlines the history of mental health law in the U.K., identifying a number of key principles of health care economics and ethics, with a focus on the particular incentives and trade-offs that are raised by these principles at three levels of the mental health system: government and society; purchasers and providers; and users and caretakers. The author points out that self-determination theory (SDT) is based on the belief that innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are important bases for human motivation. The paper suggests that there is a need to move towards a more open, accountable, and evidence-based mental health care system, which would be fully supported by U.K. law.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Health Care
Four Principles of Health Care Economics
Four Principles of Health Care Ethics
Tensions in Health Care Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers Linking the Past to the Present
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions and Hypothesis
Methodology
Results
Discussion, Recommendations and Conclusion
Explicitness
Evaluation
Accountability
Recommendations
Bibliography
From the Paper "In a perfectly competitive market, the supply and demand for a particular good achieves equilibrium, and no more and no less of the good is produced or consumed than is necessary. In reality, markets are not perfectly competitive, resulting in failures due to unfair competition, uncertainty and externality effects. The market for mental healthcare is no exception. These failures are so common that some form of government intervention is necessary. The extent of government involvement is influenced by both economic and political considerations and by the existing model of social choice. In the United Kingdom, a careful balance of both individualistic (autonomy and consumer sovereignty) and collective (justice and welfare maximization) principles must be considered."
Abstract A descriptive essay about the effects of Alzheimer's Disease and how to best treat the patients. The author discusses the mental, behavioral and emotional difficulties experienced by carriers of the disease, exposing the roles to be played by the caretakers.
From the Paper "Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive disease affecting an estimated 4 million people in the United States. According to GW Small in a consensus view on Alzheimer's Disease, ?between 6% and 8% of all persons over 65 have the disease.?(1) Caring for a parent with Alzheimer's Disease can be one of the most challenging positions a person can experience. The person who was once the primary caregiver is now dependent on the child as their caregiver. Although the caregiver still loves this parent, she begins to dislike and resent the person her parent has become. The behavior changes associated with Alzheimer's Disease can cause embarrassment and anger at the parent's behavior. This confusion in emotions can cause much anguish for the caregiver. The immediate family will also be affected by Alzheimer's Disease as well. Children and spouses may feel neglected because they?re not receiving the caregiver's full attention. The caregiver should prepare herself by knowing what the impaired person can and cannot do and anticipating problems by planning ahead. The caregiver should also know where to go for help. Family or another means of support become a necessity. Alzheimer's Disease is a debilitating disease that can rob not only the quality of life from the victim, but the caregiver as well. Knowing what to expect and how to respond will help the caregiver function successfully in her role."
Tags: sick, ill, old, elder, care, patient, hospital, mental, emotional, slow, behavior, doctor
Abstract In recent years there has been a growing realization that AIDS is spreading rapidly among women. This paper discusses the fact that women with AIDS tend to become sicker, faster, and die sooner with AIDS due to numerous social and economic factors, including ; limited access to health care, poverty and economic dependence, and the fact that women tend to be the primary caretakers of the sick and dying even when they themselves are in need of care.
From the Paper "In recent years there has been a growing realization that AIDS is spreading rapidly among women, and rates of infection in women may eventually mirror those in the global epidemic. In contrast to 1985, ?when women represented only 7% of all AIDS cases, today approximately one quarter of AIDS cases occur in women of all ages, cultures and sexual orientations.?1 Women are at a greater risk for becoming infected due to the fact that the rate of male-to-female transmission of HIV is 12 times more likely than female-to-male transmission.2 Differences in male and female anatomy are thought to result not only in greater susceptibility of women to AIDS, but also greater difficulty in diagnosing the infection and a higher likelihood of complications from the disease. Many women often have limited access to information and services, and some may increase their risks greatly by selling sex in order to survive. Other factors, including cultural beliefs and roles, social status, and behavioral practices, may hinder many women from seeking treatment which allows the disease to progress much quicker. The most significant contributing factors, however, are; limited access to health care, poverty and economic dependence, and the fact that women tend to be the primary caretakers of the sick and dying even when they themselves are in need of care."
Tags: disease, health, care, economy, care, giver, poverty, medication
Abstract A cross-cultural examination of moral development of children in the U.S. & selected Asian countries. Examines role of culture on moral development. Transmission of values from one generation to another. Role parents & other caretakers play. Cultural roles in determining values & beliefs. Contends cultural values of Americans & Asians are opposite from each other: individualism vs. collectivism. Discusses concepts of moral development. Characterization of American culture. Cultural attributes of Japan & China. Conflicts of values in American schools resulting from immigration & multi-culturalism.
From the Paper "A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Moral Development of Children in the United States (Some Minorities) and Asian Countries
The cultures of different ethnic groups in various countries play a large part in influencing the moral development of the children of the respective societies. Culture in itself possesses a moral dimension because it provides every ethnic group with a "set of values, [a] network of beliefs that are institutionalized in a people's collective life and that govern their behavior. Culture, then, is the outward discipline in which inherited meanings and morality, beliefs and ways of behaving are preserved" (Mack, 1997, p. 167). Therefore, cultural institutions and traditions serve the purpose of defi
Abstract This paper explains that the purpose of this proposed formal research study is to examine further the influence of maternal incarceration on the social, emotional and educational well-being of children. The author uses an ecological perspective to better understand the problems experienced by families and individuals by considering the larger environment and systems that impact them and are a part of their everyday experiences. The author believes that when a child's mother is incarcerated, separation between parent and child can be expected to be nothing less than distressing and painful, regardless of the disruption that may have been present in their lives prior to incarceration. The research method is a survey using a questionnaire; the population is incarcerated mothers, their children, the caretakers of children, and others involved in working with the family of children whose mothers have been incarcerated.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Relevant Background Information
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Theoretical Framework
Literature Review
Demographics of Incarcerated Mothers and their Children
Impact of Mother's Incarceration on Children
An Ecological Perspective of Incarcerated Mothers and their Children
Summary of the Literature Review
Methods and Procedures
Research Design
Research Hypotheses
Research Methods
Sample
Sampling Procedure
Instrumentation
External Validity
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Data Coding
Statistical Analyses
From the Paper "Special issues may also arise when children are placed with grandparents. As explained by Johnson and Smith (2000), efforts to raise children after one has already raised their own to adulthood may be particularly difficult for grandparents. Stresses increase as grandparents find themselves challenged by a number of losses, including loss of one's freedom, time, and adult friendships as well as the loss of expectations concerning the typical role assumed by most grandparents.Grandparents are faced with the experience of dealing with their own feelings about an altered lifestyle and sense of personal sacrifice as well as a child or children who may have very special needs because of their parent's incarceration. Respite care is not always available and the relationship with the incarcerated mother may become increasingly strained. These problems may be further complicated by fatigue, which has been identified by grandparents raising grandchildren as a major problem and physical and mental health may also be affected as well. According to Burton (1992), grandparents faced with raising their grandchildren have reported an increase in anxiety and depression; in their use of tobacco and alcohol; and in health problems, including arthritis, diabetes, slight strokes, and mild heart attacks."
Abstract A critical shortage of nurses exists in the United States today. This is directly affecting patient care, for there are fewer caretakers to tend to sick people and to fulfill the responsibilities the healthcare profession has to them.
Abstract This paper explores the theme of violence in Pinter's play. There are instances of both physical violence and psychological violence the play, and in the centre of the play, we are shown a mixture of the two. This essay discusses each of these types of violence, and also the effect of the tone of menace and violence that underlies the whole play.
From the Paper "Physical violence is the most obvious type of violence in the play. The play begins with Davies, a man of age about sixty and from, what we can gather, homeless, having just been in a brawl in the caf? at which he worked. So right from the outset, Pinter establishes a feel of violence and menace, emphasises by Davies? insults of "Black, Greeks and Poles"."
Abstract This paper attempts to understand the causes of child abuse, its occurrence, and incidence. It looks at how the four main types of child mistreatment are physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect and how, in many cases, children are victims of more than one type of abuse at a time. Child abusers can be anyone with contact or interaction with the child and can include parents or other family members or caretakers, such as teachers and babysitters. It examines the profiles of the abusers and how sexual abuse seems more likely to be committed by males, whereas females were responsible for the majority of the neglect cases. It also evaluates potential sociological factors and how, in general, the reported cases usually involve poor families with little education, young mothers, single-parent families, and parental alcohol and drug abuse.
From the Paper "A high crime rate in the community has also been shown to have an effect on the likelihood of child abuse. This is possibly a reflection of the atmosphere in the community environment in general. In addition, a community that lacks adequate social services to offer to parents, especially single parents is also open to mistreatment in the families. This is connected to the reports that social isolation can lead to child abuse. It has been found that frequently those who feel isolated from the society struggle with their parenting and the resultant frustration and anxieties can be inflicted on the children. Parents can be isolated because they have poor ties with their own families, or with their neighbors, or have small or non-existent social networks (little or no friends)."
Tags: sexual, emotional, parents, environment, community, single, drugs
This paper discusses the problem of homelessness in the United States, especially among women, who are often the sole caretakers of their young children.
Abstract This paper explains that because women are in a particularly difficult position when homeless, they should be the recipients of efforts focused specifically upon their needs, and because homelessness becomes a vicious cycle, inherited by children from parents. The author points out that the problem relating directly to homelessness is the rising cost of housing; limited provisions are made for single-parent families or low-income families. The paper stresses that the focus needs to be on the root of the problems of homelessness.
Table of Contents
The Scope and Nature of the Problem
Recognizing and Alleviating the Problem
Conclusion
From the Paper "Statistics gathered from shelters and surveys show that the problem of homelessness in the United States is vast and growing. In fact, according to Shinn and Tsemberis (53), the percentage of homeless over a 5-year period comprises a little more than 3% of the nation. This means that over 600,000 families and more than 1,000,000 children in the United States currently find themselves without homes. These people rely on shelters, streets, cars and campgrounds for places to spend their nights (Nunez and Caruso). Furthermore, requests for emergency shelter increased with 17% from 1999 to 2000, and again with 22% by the year 2001."
Abstract This paper presents biographical information on the life of Rudyard Kipling. It looks at Kipling's early years in India, his years with an abusive caretaker in England, and his school years. The paper also examines the stages in Kipling's career, some of his writings, and his death.
From the Paper "Aside from the abuse that he received and the bullying that went on, which made for some hard first years at the school, Kipling recalls the school as clean without any epidemics. His writings also viewed the bullying as a silly and childish past time for those whom were soon to become men. Everyday he would read greedily and write even more selfishly as if these things were going to be taken from him. One reason for this could have been that his sister learned these things at a younger age than he. J.I.M. Stewart wrote that it has been said that Rudyard's favorite writer may have been Tom Jones, which contributed to his literary style (28). Since the school was a military based school, all of the boys were pushed to enter the army. But from a young age, it was very noticeable to all that came in contact with Kipling that he was not going to pursue that route."
Tags: writer, bombay, india, aunty, rosa, westward, ho, kim, jungle, book
Abstract This paper stresses that something is going wrong in the way our children are being taught to eat, and something is not right with the foods that are being offered to them. The author points out that children learn a surprising amount from watching the world around them and following the examples set by their parents, siblings, and other people in their lives; therefore, the entire family should agree about helping the child learn how to be healthy. The paper states that children cannot be expected to eat the same size portions as adults because their bodies are smaller; children must be allowed to decide when they are full.
From the Paper "Additionally, in order for children to truly be able to develop healthy food-related habits, they must be allowed to help make decisions about what they eat. Many children are not allowed to decide what kinds of food they eat, when they eat, and how much they eat. It is common for parents to scold their children and tell them to "clean their plate" when the child feels they are done eating. ?Years ago, food was very hard to come by especially during The Great Depression and after World War II. When people have to deal with this sort of situation for years, they develop a certain mindset. Now we don't have that problem."
