Abstract
A great deal of research has been done into the way the younger generation addresses the elderly. This paper looks into the range of tactics used as well as how the way that a carer communicates with their elderly patient says a great deal about their own personal views and opinions. In particular, it examines how Coupland, N et al (1991) investigate this issue through presenting the theories of Ryan et al.

From the Paper
"The first of Ryan et al's (cited in Coupland, N et al 1991) strategies which is often chosen by younger people is overaccomodation due to physical or sensory handicaps (Coupland, Coupland and Giles 1991). In this instance the speaker adapts their speech beyond the optimal level, thus showing that they assume the receiver is handicapped in some way. A common example of this is where people speak especially loud to an elderly person. This shows how a majority of the elderly are perceived as having impaired hearing. The main aim of such a strategy is to ensure an effective, interpretable form of communication, however from another perspective such an approach may be seen as patronising and unnecessary."

Tags:analysis, discourse, divergence, elderly, identity

Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth look at the provision of adult social care in the UK. The study uses secondary sources, Department of Health publications and documents, peer journals, and articles to ascertain the problems that adult social care faces. The author also looks at the future prospects of social care and the need to review and remould various programs according to the shifting circumstances of demand. The conclusion that emerges from this study is the need to match demand and maintain the relevance of social care to the community. A glossary of terms is provided at the end of the document.

Outline:
Introduction
Study Aims and Methodology
Characteristics of CCA
Eligibility Criteria
National Eligibility Framework
Local Financial Constraints
Reassessment of Need
Referrals, Assessments and Packages of Care Project
Community Care
Caring for Someone
Carer
Carer's Allowance (CA)
Who Qualifies for Carer's Allowance
How is the CA Paid
Beneficiary Friendly
Impact of Carers in the UK
Quality of Service Assessed by Recipients
Future Funding of Care
Long Term Future of Adult Care

From the Paper
"When the conservative government of Margaret Thatcher passed the NHS and Community Care Act of 1990 (CCA), which was eventually implemented in 1993, it brought in some of the biggest changes to the welfare state since the Second World War.
"Even though community care, as a concept, has a long history, the Act finally acted upon the two-fold ideal that social care needs, firstly, to be delivered within local communities and, secondly, that care needs to be provided in a way that would respect the dignity and independence of those receiving it.
"Previously, social care was either ineffectively administered or decided on centrally. Following the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970, the emphasis shifted from central to local government but, as the continued incarceration of mentally-handicapped people in government-run institutions illustrates, the move towards the local was neither complete nor respectful of individual rights. Only later, in 1980, were institutions for housing the mentally ill eventually abolished. Some six years later, as a result of the passing of the Disabled Persons Act, moves strengthened towards placing more emphasis on local authorities in the provision of services."

Tags:welfare, community, disabled, institutions

Abstract
This paper addresses the roles and responsibilities of the psychiatric and mental health (PMH) nurse. It discusses the necessity of a team approach within this nursing field and describes the consumer and carer perspective. The paper also looks at the PMH nurse and society's general attitudes to mental illness and how this may affect the PMH nurse's role and responsibilities.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Qualities, Roles, and Responsibilities of the PMH Nurse
PMH Nurse and Society's Attitudes to Mental Illness
Need for Team Approach
Significance of the Consumer/Carer Perspective
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The significance of the consumer/carer perspective is most especially observed in cases of stigma when the person has been stigmatized by the health care system. In these cases, there are invariably abuses of human rights. Such abuses lead to inadequate care, as well as intolerable stress, exacerbation of physical illness, and in some cases mortality (Crisp, 2004). As a consequence, the psychosocial needs for such individuals are not understood or addressed. Many users of mental health services are beginning to reject traditional psychiatric ideas of mental illness and instead have chosen the concept of mental distress (Rogers & Pilgrim, 2005). The PMH nurse while acting as advocate may wish to point out to these consumers that the concept of mental distress is not adequate since it does not portray the experience or suffering involved in mental illness. The PMH nurse, when working with advocacy or consumer groups, makes use of a collaborative approach and must demonstrate expertise with the use of collaborative strategies (CNA, 2002). The nurse also participates in learning and teaching opportunities with consumer groups."

Tags:PMHN, hospital, treatment, therapy

Abstract
In this paper, the author considers the role of a nurse from a perspective based on a six week student placement in nursing practice. This involved; two weeks with the primary care and community nurses (otherwise known as District Nurses); a week with a health visitor; two weeks of two units of mental health, one in a mental health rehabilitation unit and another in community mental health and a week in an acute elderly rehabilitation ward in a hospital.

Outline
As an Assessor of Care: Conducting Assessments
As an Advocate: Representing the Interests of the Client
As a Primary Carer: Providing Frontline Care
As a Manager of Care: Coordinating all the Care Required
As a Counsellor: Providing Talking and Listening Therapies
As an Educator: Promoting Health Through Educating Clients
As a Researcher: Providing Evidence Based Practice

From the Paper
"The role of the 21st century nurse in the United Kingdom is a highly varied, dynamic and multidimensional one. This is more important perhaps, due to the changes that have come about in the last two decades of the last century. There are demographic, epidemiological, political, economic and technological changes that have forcibly caused the NHS to undergo great organisational changes in the 1980s and 1990s. And now recently the government continues to outline further changes in the health care system which puts an emphasis on partnership and continuity of care between hospitals and the community. All this has seen nurses continuously readapt themselves in the role they play in the delivery of health care (Melia 2004)."

Tags:district, hospital, nhs

Abstract
The paper discusses the main stereotypes about nurses, that they provide assistance to doctors and they are handmaidens. However, the paper asserts that the most damaging image of nurses is that they care while doctors cure patients. The paper explains that nurses' work of caring is viewed as an extension of 'women's work' which is related to the care of children and later to the care of elderly parents. The paper argues that these images must be eradicated because they impact on how nurses are paid, how much status they have, and also on how much authority and power they can expect.

From the Paper
"Nurses generally are perceived by the public in either a completely distorted way or in a manner which is degrading. The false images that people hold are also reflected in the government which devalues nurses. The main stereotypes about nurses are that they provide assistance to doctors and they are handmaidens. However, the most damaging image of nurses is that they care while doctors cure patients. Nurses' work of caring is viewed as an extension of `women's work' which is related to the care of children and later to the care of elderly parents. These images..."

Tags:images, nurses, solutions

Abstract
This paper explains that the roles and responsibilities of the social work profession are no longer confined to a single agency approach and there has been a progression of social work practitioners to share both resources and expertise with other agencies in order to achieve more effective service provision otherwise known as collaborative partnerships. The paper assesses the factors and issues at work within these collaborative partnerships and whether they represent a positive move for those responsible for social care provision and for service users. The paper also examines what issues both assist and inhibit the ability of this multi agency approach to work effectively and whether it is a positive development for professionals, service users, and carers.

From the Paper
"On the whole, it is generally accepted that any attempt to achieve high goals in social care provision "can only be achieved through collaborative partnerships" (Delgado, 2000; p.217). On a basic level, multi agency collaboration allows for the effective cooperation of a variety of different actors in the pursuit of one fundamental aim; better service provision. Working together on such issues logically results in greater understanding of needs and resource potential (Delgado, 2000). In this sense it is possible to minimise waste and maximise productivity. As such, in terms of producing the best provision possible with the available resources, social care professionals and service carers can benefit from the knowledge that greater efficiency and productivity has been achieved. "

Tags:carers, multi, agency, community

Abstract
This paper exams and assesses multiorganisational partnership. It looks at a number of issues that have arisen since the adoption of widespread collaboration within the social work profession which include; the varying factors that drive organisational change; the theoretical models that support our understanding; the benefits of collaborative practice; changes in the organisational landscape and finally, the possible implications these developments could have on the writer's individual practice. For the purposes of clarity, each issue is dealt with individually using separate sub headings.

Outline:
Introduction
The political, legal, social and economic factors which drive organisational change
The theoretical frameworks and models
The benefits and challenges of collaborative partnerships and the factors which facilitate organisational and individual collaborative working
The effect of changes in the organisational landscape on individual practice, service users and carers
Evaluation and reflection of the implications of collaborative cooperation and partnership on my personal individual practice
Conclusion

From the Paper
''It is certainly the case that greater use of collaborative partnerships results in significant changes in the structure and makeup of organisations. Whereas previously a particular organisation may have been solely responsible for social care provision, multi agency collaboration means a variety of organisations now play their part. As such, it may potentially be difficult for those involved in the process of care to know where the real authority lies. Indeed, this issue affects not only carers, but also individuals involved in practice, and those who receive social care provision. Ultimately, who is actually in overall control of social care when a multitude of actors are involved?
''Obviously, a lead agency has the role of providing effect leadership in any one area. As such, in the case of social work, it is the social work profession and institutional structure that carries out this role. However, even when a clearly defined structure is put in place there may still be problems accurately assessing who has control of a particular issue. For example, at what point do the police become the primary source of control over a case of child abuse as opposed to social services? Moreover, this muddling of responsibility and authority can cause problems for those who receive social care. For example, who do they turn to when there is a problem is a variety of organisations have been involved in providing their care and support?''

Tags:factors, decision, community

Abstract
The paper asserts that care provided to elders as a women's convention in North America must be seen as a feminist issue, in view of time and expense involved, strain, and the ignorance of others as to what is involved. The paper explains that these practices carry over from a day when women were often supported by males, enabling them to provide care to aging kin. The paper calls for greater public education on what eldercare involves, and highlights the inadequacy of state supports, and the need for incentives and respite for family carers under the community care model.

From the Paper
"In North America, women have been expected to care for elders as part of their culturally ascribed roles, towards unpaid, often very significant labour that serves to remove the burden from the state. North American women often outlive their husbands or other male kin. By the time they reach old age, they may have given many years to caring for various elders in their families yet can end up alone unless they have children of their own or other younger kin willing to care for them. Despite much progress in blurring boundaries between genders and occupations, there seems little..."

Tags:aging cohort, women, caregiving

Abstract
This paper examines why older people, especially those suffering from depression and other illnesses, give consideration to suicide. It discusses the signs that carers should look out for that indicate that an elderly person may be considering suicide. The paper also looks at what can be done to prevent these aging citizens from harming themselves.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Available Literature Reflecting Pertinent Studies
Intervention Programs
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is clear that many older people, for a variety of health and situational reasons, give serious consideration to suicide. It is also clear that when there is psychosocial intervention, those older people begin to become more positive about their lives. And beyond that, the data found while researching this paper indicates that more seniors prefer counseling over antidepressant drugs; but counseling services are not available to many older people. The answer for community-based health care service providers is to increase the number of counselors available to the elderly, decrease the number of prescriptions for antidepressant drugs, and give special attention to the low income sector of older people because they are the most often in need and most often neglected."

Tags:counseling, depression, functioning

Abstract
The focus of this paper is children with disabilities, their parents and careers. It endeavors to explain and analyze the manner in which children and families actively participate and collaborate within processes which directly affect them and the benefits they can obtain from these processes. It attempts to explain the drivers behind this ethos and analyzes the extent to which it works. It also examines the importance of inter-collaborative practice and endeavors to analyze the potential benefits and challenges of collaborative practice. Theories are analyzed in order to clarify collaborative practice and its relevance to service users and practitioners.

Outline:
Political, Legislative, Economic and Social Drivers For Change
Theoretical Frameworks which Assist and Enable the Analysis of Collaborative Practice
Systems Theory
Social Exchange Theory
Factors Which Facilitate and Hinder Collaborative Working
Changes in the Policy and Organizational Landscapes on the Involvement of Service Users and Carers
Reflect on the Implications of Collaboration, Cooperation and Partnership Working

From the Paper
"The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is an example of a system within social care. Its implementation viewed as a tool that promotes service integration and co-ordination across the whole spectrum of children's services. Due to the nature of a Common Assessment any professional working within a children's service can complete it. Such an approach is envisaged to identify required needs earlier and initiate appropriate services. It is also felt to encourage multi-agency working and information sharing which is an essential element within the process. It addresses the needs and strengths of a child, within three domains, parenting capacity, developmental needs and family and environmental factors (Every Child Matters:2006b). "

Tags:child, care, welfare, disabled