Abstract This research attempts to develop a personal theory of career and guidance counseling. In order to effectively accomplish this task, the writer feels that it is important to consider a review of pertinent career/vocational and careerguidance counseling theories that have shaped the development of this field in recent years. The paper notes that through a comprehensive review of these theories, it will then be possible to integrate theory to provide a more integral understanding of one's personal orientation towards the practice. The paper reports that a critical review of theories that can be employed in this field will elucidate the wide scope of methods that are available for professional development. The paper concludes that if changes in practice are needed, a clear understanding of theory will provide a solid basis for decision making in this area.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Developmental Theories
Social Learning Theory
Social Cognitive Approaches
Other Issues that must be Addressed in Practice
Indecisiveness
Multicultural Counseling
My Personal Theory of Career and Guidance Counseling
From the Paper "What is perhaps most important about both Holland's typology and person-environment theories in general is that they take the needs of the individual into consideration when providing service to the client. As reported by Miller, Springer and Cowger (2004) person-environment theories draw on ideas of congruence in which the unique needs of the individual must be matched with the unique needs of the environment. When congruence is achieved in this context, it will be possible for the individual to garner considerable satisfaction from his or her career choice. Thus, by applying this theory, the counselor can create a comprehensive assessment that will provide the client with a meaningful understanding of how well his or her personal needs will be met in a particular environmental context (Miller, et al., 2004). Given that counselors have a clear obligation to ensure positive outcomes for clients, this approach appears to provide a salient tool for achieving this goal."
Abstract Career counseling, from the outside, appears to be little more than an established network of people who maintain binders of job postings and help people with tips about interviews. At the high school level, they are seen as the people who carry binders of college materials and help students fill out applications and write essays. These misconceptions do a significant injustice to the field of careerguidance, for they miss the entire point of what it is that the career counselor does. Helping a person discover what it is that they want to define their life with and helping them achieve that goal requires the analytical skills of a psychologist, the patience of a priest and the business eye of a CEO. At the core of careerguidance are schools of philosophy and thought which center upon the work of scholars the like of John Holland and Donald and Ann Roe. It is the purpose of this paper to explore these two theories of careerguidance and to find their common and uncommon ground.
Abstract The writer discusses the cognitive and psychosocial characteristics of ninth graders. The writer then discusses how a class could help students identify career paths that are appropriate for their aptitudes and interests. The writer presents his career education plan, explaining that it includes four units of study for ninth graders: "Demands of the Workplace", "Being Accountable and Taking Initiative", "Setting Goals and Assessing My Own Strengths and Progress", and "Self-Management and Self-Assessment". The paper then details the lesson in the first unit.
Outline:
Background Theory
My Ninth Grade Career Education Plan
Lesson Plan from Unit One
From the Paper "Jean Piaget the noted to child development expert postulated that there were four operational stages of intellectual development. These students are just entering the fourth or "formal" operational stage meaning that they can begin to think abstractly and move beyond simple concrete ways of thinking. (Child Development Institute, 2006) Onset of this stage allows for exploration of adult roles as student thinking grows more flexible.
"According to psychologist Erik Erikson there are eight stages of social development through which individuals pass as they mature. At this age students generally are entering the fifth stage and the major developmental task is role identity. Adolescents discover who they are as members of society meaning that most students begin to think of workplace roles (Harder, 2002). Career education can assist this development."
A look at the challenges, issues and demands of career managment and development in the new world of work for both individuals and organisations in the South African context.
3,705 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 11 sources, 2001, $ 102.95
Abstract This essay identifies and explains the issues, challenges and demands of career management and development in the new world of work, for both individuals and organizations. It then recommends some practical ways to address the most important of these. In doing this, it first defines what is meant by career management and career development. It then places the essay in the context of the new world of work. This is done through a short explanation of the impact of e-commerce and globalization. It then looks at how this has impacted on the world of work in general, before looking at how it has effected career management and development for individuals and organizations.
From the Paper "E-commerce has radically changed organizational structure, co-ordination systems and task specification, and thus the world of work. Job designs have become increasingly flexible, and a whole range of new issues are being raised. In fact, Furnham (2000) believes that, due to e-commerce, the world of work has changed. He looks at what he calls "alternative work arrangements". These include part-time employment (defined as varied work, taking up less than 30 hours per week), contingent employment (defined as when an individual is working for an organization, but is not considered a regular employee), flextime (defined as when employees vary their starting and quitting times, but are required to work a standard number of hours within a specific time period), compressed work weeks (defined as re-allocating the work time by condensing the total hours in the traditional five-day week into fewer days), and teleworking (defined as working at a location away from the traditional place of work, and involving the use of telecommunications and the electronic processing of information) ( Furnham, 2000)."
Tags: african, career, context, development, managment, new, south, work, world
Abstract The paper explores aspects of career counseling and answers several questions on major issues in this field. This includes: How does fear of femininity impact men's career development? Compare characteristics of African American and Asian men and identify related career counseling implications. How does the socio-economic status of parents impact the expectations parents have for their children?
From the Paper "Researchers examining issues concerning career development have noted the fact that many men exhibit a fear of femininity which affects their career path. This idea has been inculcated in men by means of the normal gender-role socialization process and some have suggested that this has created a masculine/feminine polarity. Zunker (1994) lists characteristics associated with each gender, based on the socialization process. Masculinity is therefore associated with the following: power and the exercise of power, strength and toughness, logical and analytical thought and ambition and achievement. These are all characteristics that are associated with success, with forging ahead, with taking charge, with achieving something in life."
Abstract This paper discusses a survey on career planning to be given to college students to see what they know of the process, what they have already done, what they need to do, and what help they may need in career planning, defined as a process addressing in stages the issues of self-assessment, career exploration, decision-making, education, and job-seeking.
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to utilize a survey instrument to gather data on career planning by students and in this manner to ascertain and assess the needs pertaining to student career planning. Career planning can be defined as a process addressing in stages the issues of self-assessment, career exploration, decision-making, education and training, and job-seeking. Students at the college level should be deeply involved in the stages of career planning and can be expected to have successfully achieved some level of determination of what career to pursue. This means that the student will have had to..."
Abstract This report establishes a scenario for the development of a career goal in the area of hotel general management through the development of an industry analysis and an education career path outline. Special consideration is given to the goals of the individual who is seeking employment in the hospitality industry as a hotel General manger (with the long term goal of ownership). The paper includes one table.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Career Goal/Problem
Scope
Industry Background
Methodology
Findings
Recommendations
Conclusions
Back Matter
References
From the Paper "There has been a recent increase in the number of hospitality management training programs and these programs are demonstrative of internal as well as external changes to the industry and the education system. The industry is seeking to educate many people in-house and is much more willing to demonstrate belief in individuals by allowing them to seek outside educational goals, while still employed, through incentive as well as the development of systems that are inclusive of study and class time allotments. (Lucas, 2003, p. 88) this new emphasis has created a strong sense of the need for education, at top levels, while maintaining the work/school ideals of company specific training, goals and extremely high standards of service. Due to the recent upturn in the understanding for the need of education the goal of an individual must include a partnership between hospitality education and work experience."
Abstract This essay examines possible career choices in the medical field, specifically recreational therapy, speech-language pathology, and radiation therapy, the career choice of the author. In particular, the writer discusses the job duties that each profession entails, the educational requirements of each profession, the general advantages and disadvantages of those careers and the salary ranges of those occupations.
From the Paper "Since I plan on applying to OUHSC, I have researched their educational requirements a great deal and have found them to be in line with other institutions requirements. Therefore, I will base my educational information off of the University of Oklahoma Health and Science Center's requirements. "OUHSC requires that you complete or be in the process of completing the minimum of 64 prerequisite hours, prior to admittance into the programs. They also want you to be in good standing with the college or university that you last attended or are currently attending. OUHSC entails you to have a minimum GPA of 2.5 on all college work you have attempted. There are also tests that you need to take if English is not your first language." (College of Allied Health. Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences Radiation Therapy BSMIRS.)"
Abstract A discussion about a career as an aircraft mechanic. The writer uses five sources to explore the education and skills that are required for the career. It examines the changing airline industry and evolving occupation of aircraft mechanics. Includes details of what the profession entails and what skills are appropriate as well as the positive future outlook for those who choose to work in the field.
From the Paper "The airline industry is an ever-changing field. There are many types of aircraft being used today, including, freight, commercial passenger and private passenger planes. Each plane has to be built, maintained and fixed when something goes wrong. The field of airplane mechanics is a growing and always changing area of job exploration. Skills as an aircraft mechanic can be utilized in the armed services, the commercial airline field, or at an airfield with private aircraft. They can also be used to work where airplanes are sold and brought in for maintenance and repair. It is a field that promises to continue expanding and as the world continues to globalize the opportunities will continue to increase."
Abstract While thousands of teens have become pregnant every year for centuries, it has only been in the last three decades that teen-pregnancy has been addressed in any kind of open manner. Now, we as a community have the opportunity to help our pregnant teenage girls achieve a full and rewarding life. The problem is that we have few structures developed within our school systems for career and life counseling specifically designed to help this population. The information that follows is a justification for the development of a comprehensive career-counseling program that will directly improve the current and future lives of pregnant teenage girls.
Abstract This is a paper about career development and disability. The paper discusses career problems encountered by adults with sensory or physical disabilities and explains the various difficulties that must be overcome. The paper also looks into the impact that the expectations of others have on individuals with disabilities.
From the Paper In their article, "Life-span Perspectives on Disability and Work: A Qualitative Study", Liza M. Conyers, Lynn C. Koch and Edna Mora Szymanski offered an insightful perspective of the career problems encountered by adults with sensory or physical disabilities. For them the transition from college to the working world often entails the need to reach higher expectations with decreased assistance in a wide variety of areas. Their struggles to carve a niche in the working world by overcoming various obstacles associated with their disability, ethnicity and gender can often lead..."
Abstract This is a paper that concerns a career as an actor. The paper discusses aspects of the actor's career such as auditions and casting, researching the play and character, understanding character and motivation, learning lines and blocking. The writer also looks at working with directors and stage managers, costumes, rehearsals, makeup and the madness of opening night.
From the Paper "Many people think they would like it if they were a famous actor, either on Broadway or in the movies. They are excited by the idea of being admired by millions of screaming fans, getting paid lots of money to hang out and maybe even get to do a love scene with other big celebrities. But acting is not all just about fame and fortune; it's a lot of work. Stage actors have to spend weeks or months in preparation for their two hours or less under the lights in auditioning, researching the play and understanding their character, learning their lines and blocking, rehearsing with the other cast members, getting into costumes and makeup, coping with nerves and stage fright, and dealing with directors and stage managers."
Abstract This paper examines a specific theoretical approach to the study of career development. Specifically, the author expounds upon the work done by Eli Ginzberg in the late 1940s. In his theory, Ginzberg proposes that adolescents develop through a tentative stage of career development. This paper describes the nature of the tentative stage, its usefulness as a theory, and its application in the real world.
From the Paper "The study of human development is complex and demanding discipline. It requires researchers to develop theoretical frameworks that are capable of accounting for a myriad of environmental, social, cultural, economic, and even genetic factors. This is no easy task. Therefore, the creation of a theoretical approach to development, in any specific regard, is important if that theory can stand up to critical scrutiny. This importance is evident when we consider the study of how career choices are made by growing individuals through the eyes of a developmental psychologist. The purpose of this study is to examine one specific element of Eli Ginzberg's theory on career choice. He and his research associates developed this theory and published their findings in 1949 (Frey, 2005). Ginzberg approached the question of how individuals choose careers for themselves by isolating the developmental process that leads up to the actual decision."
Abstract The paper examines a number of career development theories as they apply to the cases of Pat and Marla, two young people who are at a point in their lives when decisions about career directions are of paramount importance. The paper suggests that all of these theories are valid in their own ways, but Holland and Krumboltz provide especially insightful ideas and intellectual paradigms.
From the Paper "The following paper will briefly consider Pat and Marla, two young people coming of age and coming to terms with who they are and what they are. Over the next few pages, a closer examination of some general developmental theories - developmental theories which might explain the thinking and behavior of Pat and Marla - will be advanced. In the end, what this paper should underscore is the complexity of human beings and the battery of theories which have been developed to explain them. Under general trait theory, which basically holds that some people are born leaders while others are not, it is clear that Pat is a leader. He takes the initiative; he seeks out responsibility; he wants to help people. There is no evidence - yet - that Pat is a "Grand Person", but there is little reason to doubt that he can become one."
Abstract The paper discusses the drastic changes in the careers of top management executives. The paper attributes this to the changing nature of the global networking systems and the modern and innovative technology being introduced into the market. The paper explores three main elements that form the core of leadership in the 21st century.
Outline:
Introduction
The Organizational Hierarchy in the 21st Century
Reviewing and Redesigning the Core of Leadership for the 21st Century
Leaders Need to Think Outside the Box
Leaders Should Be Excellent in Developing Partnerships
Representative
Analyst
The Future: Protean Careers?
Conclusion
From the Paper "Arthur, Hall, and Lawrence (1989) in their study defined an individual's career as an ever developing cycle of experience with time. A number of researchers have used the same definition; however they have used it differently. For instance, Arthur and Rousseau (1996) in their study argued that the main difference between "careers" and "jobs" is not what most professionals think it is. They asserted that most professionals classify "careers" as high status work, such as those of doctors, lawyers, managers etc; and "jobs" as low status work such as that of laborer, waiter, etc. In fact, the concept of careers is determined by the time factor."
