Abstract
This paper explains that fitness goals might include reducing body fat, gaining muscle and strengthening the heart. To reach these targets, a personal trainer creates a workout incorporating resistance training, cardio-vascular exercises or both. The author stresses that, before performing any type of workout, the individual must find his or her target heart rate, the heart beats per minutes, which must be sustained to achieve optimal gains in fat loss and cardio-improvement. The paper describes the three stages to cardiovascular exercise: Warm up, which is a slow jog or jumping rope for at least five minutes at a low intensity of about fifty to sixty percent of the maximum heart rate; stretch to prevent injuries and to improve muscular performance and cool down, which is similar to the warm up and should last at least five minutes.

From the Paper
"Knowledge of proper movement and exercise in strength training must be in the personal trainers and athlete's arsenal of information. Athletes should perform a full range of motion with each lift and exercise. Jerking, bouncing, or swinging are often symptoms of lifters lifting too much weight. Each exercise should be done slowly and controlled. Full range motion helps build muscle strength and joint flexibility. Lifters should always try to increase resistance to achieve more gains. Also, after each set, lifters should increase the weight and lower the amount of repetitions. This concept is to increase the resistance and decrease the reps. Appropriate movement during lifts maximizes benefits and decrease risk of injury."

Tags:reduce, muscle, heart, workout, stages

Abstract
This essay examines the psychological characteristics and psychosocial factors associated with, or causative of, cardiovascular disease. The essay also addresses some models like the cardio reactivity model, psychoneuroimmunology, the role of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular disease, and the HPA axis. The association of certain psychosocial risk factors such as depression leading to medical non-compliance is also dealt with.

Outline:
Introduction
Psychological Factors Associated With or Causative of Cardiovascular Disease
Psychosocial Factors
Cardio Reactivity Model
Psychoneuroimmunology
The Involvement of the Sympathetic Nervous System
The HPA Axis
Association of Psychosocial Risk Factors with Certain Health Behaviors
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Psychological risk factors for coronary syndromes belong to three categories. These include: chronic, episodic, and acute psychological risk factors (Kop, 1999). Chronic psychological risk factors (like hostility) lead to a gradual progression of coronary artery disease. The temporal relation to coronary syndrome is 10 years and the associated cardiovascular risks include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and increased sympathetic activation. The pathophysiology involves sympathetic activity and elevated lipids. The primary pathological result is atherosclerosis (Kop, 1999).
"Psychological risk factors, which occur episodically (like exhaustion) have a duration, which lasts from few months to two years and can occur again. The temporal relation to coronary syndrome is 2 years and the associated cardiovascular risks include increased blood clotting and inflammation, and a shift of sympatho-vagal balance. The pathophysiology involves sympatho-vagal imbalance, neurohormonal changes, and a procoagulant state. The primary pathological result is altered homeostasis (Kop, 1999)."

Tags:cardiovascular, coronary, stroke, hypertension, artery, congenital, rheumatic, thrombosis, pulmonary, embolism, heart, failure, exercise, smoking, sedentary, diet, chronic, episodic, acute, stressors, depression, maladaptation

Abstract
This paper describes the benefits of running/ jogging as well as the common problems faced by runners. The paper also discusses the solutions to these problems. The paper explains that the desire to lose weight is one of the primary reasons why people run. The paper also points out that running, like other aerobic exercises, lowers the triglyceride and blood pressure levels. The paper then looks at how most studies have shown that the health benefits are directly proportional to the amount of running done, i.e., the greater the per week running mileage, the greater the benefit.

Outline:
The Difference between Running/ Jogging and Walking
Benefits of Running:
- Weight Loss
- Cardio-respiratory/ Aerobic Fitness
- Lower Cholesterol and Blood Pressure
- Boosting the Immune System
- Retards the Aging Process
- Psychological Benefits
- Community Benefits
Problems Faced by Runners:
- Common Running Injuries
- Other Problems Faced by Runners & Ways to Overcome Them
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Cardio-respiratory or aerobic fitness refers to the ability of the heart to pump strongly and more efficiently and the capacity of the muscles to use oxygen more efficiently. The heart of aerobically fit persons pumps more blood and oxygen with each beat and their muscles consume more oxygen than that of relatively unfit people. It is a basic biological fact that the greater use of muscles makes them stronger. Regular running strengthens the muscles of the heart, enabling it to pump blood with greater strength and increases the ability of the muscles to consume more oxygen. It also increases the activity of enzymes and hormones in our body that stimulate the muscles. The end result is improved aerobic fitness and increased endurance (Weil, para on "What are the fitness benefits of running?"). A recent study also shows that the increased amounts of "opioids" (the chemicals that produce the "runner's high") produced in a runners body protects the heart muscles from heart attack damage (Hitti)."

Tags:injury, heart, pump, muscles, aerobic

Abstract
This paper explains that some surgeons have suggested that cardio pulmonary bypass surgery in and of itself activates an inflammatory response that results in a stress reaction. The author points out that the role of the anesthesiologist in cardiac surgery is, as much as possible, to reduce the stress response that results form cardiac surgery. The paper relates that the stress response can be mitigated by a variety of anesthetic techniques, including use of opioids and epidural anesthesia.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Synopsis
Stages of Anesthesia for Cardiac Patients
Implications for Practice

From the Paper
"The job of an anesthesiologist during a CBS procedure includes minimizing the autoimmune and stress response. Studies have shown that "greater fear or distress prior to surgery" is typically associated with slower and more complex and complicated post-operative recovery (Glaser, et. al, 1998). Stress response in fact delays healings. The body naturally perceives surgery as a "threatening" experience, and thus a variety of stress factors are involved in the surgical process (Glaser, et. al, 1998). Among these stress concerns include worries related to survival and recovery, as well as separation from family (Glaser, et. al, 1998); these factors are especially prevalent among cardiovascular patients, who face at bets long postoperative periods and "delicate" recovery prognosis."

Tags:inflammatory, anesthesiologist, reduction, psychological, opiods

Abstract
This medical essay is a case study of an adult woman who is exhibiting symptoms of Post-Streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), or "Post-Strep Syndrome", as it affects the kidneys but can also present hypertension or other symptoms normally pertaining to cardio-respiratory concerns; however, in this study an auto-immune reaction is also of concern. The essay provides detailed results of preliminary examination, including blood work and other diagnostic tests. Initial treatments are discussed and PSGN is described with relation to the woman's symptoms and risk-factor.

Tags:NURSING, HEALTHCARE / ILLNESS (DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT), case study potential

Abstract
This paper discusses how the role women play in American society has changed since the beginning of the twentieth century. The writer compares the behavior of men and women a gym environment in order to study whether or not certain stereotypes can be found while both sexes are working out. The author interviews two athletes, one male and one female about their opinions regarding how men and women exercise, what equipment they use and why. This is followed by the author's observation of how hard men and women workout while using the cardio equipment in the gym. The author observes both the level of intensity and the interaction between the sexes in order to reach the conclusions presented in the paper.

From the Paper
"Melanctha, Gail Collins' editorial, Lindsey's book on gender roles, and my anthropological study at the gym all suggest that women, in actuality, haven't done as much in breaking the barriers of gender roles that they perhaps promised to do in the early 20th century. As further evidence for this, one can look at a study conducted by Michael A. Messner in which he extensively interviewed thirty male athletes over a period of two years. He claims that these athletes all claim that their "earliest experiences in sports are stories of an exclusively male world" (1999, p.101). He also claims that, even today, many girls tend to shy away from competitive sports because they "define themselves primarily through connection with others, [and] experience highly competitive situations (whether in organized sports or in other hierarchical institutions) as threats to relationships, and thus to their identities" (1999, p. 106). Thus, my idea that gender roles of women are so stringent that they must even follow them in the gym is not too far fetched. If both magazines and schools tell women that they need to be a certain way, its no wonder that there is so much uproar when a woman tries to get an education or tries to play of sports. Of course, there still are the Lisa Gillises of the world, but these women are still marginal to modern American culture. Yes, they are becoming less so, but these women still have a lot of work to do if they ever want to create a gender equal society."

Tags:careers, gender, america, gym, workouts, trainer, elliptical, sports, girls, education, interview, sweaty, stair, climber, opportunity, expectations, difficulty, sex, weaker, weight, equal, shape, barriers

Abstract
This paper states that there is no doubt that air pollution has an adverse impact on Ontario's economy with the most marked effect being on health care and lost time from work stemming from air pollution caused illness for both the ill person and the caregivers. The author points out that air pollution puts an added demand on Ontario's health care providers, which are already overburdened. The paper relates that the consequence is that the Ontarian taxpayer is paying more tax dollars to support this growing health care problem. The author also explores potential solutions to the problem.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background and the Problem
Economics of Air Pollution
Potential Solutions and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Suzuki Foundation cites thee areas in which the government could have an impact on reducing air pollution: Tax shifting by taxing air polluters extra and adopting tax breaks for environmentally friendly practices; eliminating perverse subsidies as described above; and increasing investment in the environment to drive down the cost of energy renewable resources such as solar and wind power.
"However, our research shows that governmental intervention by the Canadians or Ontarians cannot solely solve the problem."

Tags:respiratory, cardio, lags, suzuki, european

Abstract
Deep veins in the legs and pelvis join to form a large vein in the back of the abdomen, known as the inferior vena cava, which carry blood from the lower part of the body to the heart. This paper explains how the inferior vena cava is usually a single large vein that forms from many smaller veins in the early stages of development of a human embryo. The importance of this vein is discussed and an examination of health risks if this vein is damaged.

From the Paper
"The superior vena cava, which is one of the largest veins in the body, works to return blood back to the right atrium from the upper part of the body. The inferior vena cava is important for carrying the blood back to the right atrium from the lower part of the body. The inferior vena cava is a large vein--about as big as a broom handle--in the abdomen and chest. It drains most of the blood from the legs and abdomen and takes it to the heart. The heart then pumps then pumps it into the tiny vessels of the lungs to get fresh oxygen and then out again into the general circulation."

Tags:cardio, heart, adbomen, superior, vessel, atrium, body, attack, health, risk, embryo

Abstract
This is a lengthy research paper on how to teach aerobics to middle-aged women. It includes all the benefits, safety concerns, skills, 15 lesson plans and the history of aerobics. The objective of this assignment was to provide background information on aerobics and to create a potential client who would be likely to take the aerobics class.

Table of Contents:
Client Description
Description of Activity
Terminology
Rules
Equipment and Care
Safety Analysis
Warm-up
Skills to be Developed
Novelty Events
Block Plan
Audio Visual Aids
Articles Collected
Lesson plans
Evaluative Measures
Bibliography
Lesson Plans

From the Paper
"More specific, the class will learn the basics of high and low intensity step aerobics classes, as well as the components to circuit-training, knowledge of target heart rate, importance of warm-up and cool-down. Each student will have a chance to lead a portion of aerobics to the class. Clients will also need to be able to determine their target heart rate by the end of the first few sessions. Included in each aerobics class will be static stretching in which each participant will learn how to correctly hold a stretch. By the time the end of the set of classes, the goal of the participant will be to gain flexibility and move throughout a greater range of motion."

Tags:cardio, circuit, dance, exercise, health, instructor, jazzercise, rhythm, step