Abstract
This paper examines the life of Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (1475-1530) who was the Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII. It provides a brief outline of his life from his childhood, education, rise in the church and finally to his position under the King. It looks at how Wolsey was treated as a trusted and capable, if ambitious, man who carried out the King's will but often did so in ways that he devised himself and not infrequently, developed strategies of his own that were sanctioned by the King. It analyzes whether Wolsey's eventual disgrace and fall and Henry's willingness to treat him as a scapegoat merit the term pawn and how Wolsey's status as his own man, rather than a pawn of the King, must be judged in terms of what he wished to accomplish rather than by current standards.

From the Paper
"Wolsey was the son of a prosperous grazier and his brilliance secured him a place at Magdalene College Oxford. He was ordained in 1498 and began his relatively slow climb to eminence by serving various influential men until, in 1507, he became chaplain to Henry VII and, in 1509, was appointed almoner and counselor to Henry VIII. From that point on Wolsey's rise proceeded at great speed--in both the ecclesiastical and secular realms. In 1514 he was appointed archbishop of York and in 1515 he was elevated to cardinal and to Lord Chancellor. Wolsey always coveted the position of archbishop of Canterbury, who was usually the effective head of the English church since the only other archbishopric in England, York, took in only the impoverished northern reaches. Gaining the cardinal's hat helped him achieve greater prominence in the church but it was not until, in 1518, Wolsey achieved the unusual status of papal legate (legatus a latere), or papal viceroy, that the cardinal became "as supreme over the English Church as Henry's favor made him over the English state" (Bindoff 83)."

Tags:church, divorce, catherine, of, aragon, lord, chancellor

Abstract
This paper describes the election of a Pope in the Catholic Church. It further shows how this process is different than the selection of a CEO for a company, in that it is a secret process. The College of Cardinals are electing a leader rather than hiring someone. Additionally, the paper delineates the steps taken in the election of a Pope.

From the Paper
"The following steps are taken when a Pope is elected. The Church is run in the interim by the Camerlego who sees to the preparation. The Cardinals of the Church specially appointed bishops must gather between ... and .... days after the death of the previous Pope. Only Cardinals under the age of ... may vote. Only grave illness may prevent them from being present. There is theoretically no discussion beforehand among the cardinals. No consensus is taken of the Church. "

Tags:papal, election, pope, ceo, Catholic, church

Abstract
This paper explains that Richelieu, the villain in the "Three Musketeers", is one of the reasons the marriage of church and state, which was the practice in Europe at the time, left such a sour taste in the mouths of those statesmen who crafted the American Constitution. The author points out that the monarchy was established so firmly that, even the long, poorly administered reign, and the series of rebellions, which occurred during that time, could not shake its foundation, and France became the dominating power on the continent of Europe, both in politics and in the arts. The paper relates that, while the Protestant Reformation had taken root in Europe less than a half century prior to Richelieu's ascent to power, his allegiance to the Catholic Pope placed him at political odds with those who engaged in dissent.

From the Paper
"As masterfully demonstrated by the Clinton administration, controlling public opinion is a process of paramount importance if a man of dubious character is to build a favorable legacy. Criticism needed to be stifled, and Richelieu did this with much success. He submitted the press who would question his "advisory role to the king" to a brutally repressive regime. As a result, most pamphlets published in France in his day supported the government. According to recent research into French history, the Cardinal extended his concept of spin control to any publication critical of the government, including popular cultural writers of the time, the Academie Francaise, which was intended to enhance the artistic and intellectual prestige of France."

Tags:church, state, arts, power, newspapers

Abstract
This paper relates that Buzz Bissinger's "Three Nights in August" describes what life is really like surrounding major league baseball clubs, what it's like in the clubhouse before and after games and what baseball players do when nobody, especially the media, is looking over their shoulders. The author points out that, throughout much of the book, Bissinger's descriptions come from sitting behind La Russa in the dugout. The paper relates both sides of the media story---from the aspect of what media members go through to get access to players and what players do to keep the attention on themselves through the media.

From the Paper
"Bissinger also wrote about several interesting tidbits, like the lives of Rick Ankiel, Albert Pujols and Cal Eldred. He also wrote about how clubhouse attendants unwrap sticks of Juicy Fruit so that the players don't have to unwrap them themselves, or that former pitcher Steve Kline spends an inordinate amount of time walking around in the nude, or that Bill Veek once built a hole in his wooden leg and used it as an ashtray. The best paragraph that Bissinger wrote in the book comes from Tony La Russa, when he is speaking to Kerry Robinson."

Tags:manager, baseball, media, players, situations

Abstract
Argues that Wolsey, as Lord Chancellor and an intimate advisor to Henry VIII, was not a pawn of the King. Wolsey's consolidation of his personal power and wealth. His being subject to the King's pleasure and will. His diplomatic talents and achievements. His role in Church reform & disastrous administration of the Church. His excellent changes in the law courts. Outline.

From the Paper
"I Thomas Cardinal Wolsey was not a pawn of Henry VIII even
though all his actions were subject to the King's approval.
A. Wolsey's talents and ambition made him an accomplished diplomat and administrator, and allowed him to amass great wealth from his ecclesiastical positions. Wolsey's status as his own man, rather than a pawn of the King, must be judged in terms of what he wished to accomplish rather than by current standards.


II Wolsey had great diplomatic talents.
His Treaty of London secured a vital alliance with France and made England a major power in European politics.


B. Wolsey grasped the importance of clear, comprehensive treaties along modern lines and securing English safety..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the contributions of Cardinal Newman, a Catholic convert and prince of the Church, to the thought of Catholicism, in particular his addressing of the encounter between secularism and religion.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine key contributions of John Henry Cardinal Newman to theological discourse of Catholicism. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical context in which Newman's biography became relevant to Catholic thought, and then to discuss the source of Newman's relevance to contemporary religious dialogue in the Catholic faith. Although John Henry Newman is one of those figures of English-speaking rhetoric who loom large enough in the history of literature and religion to straddle two cultures, English and American,..."

Tags:Newman, modernism, secularism, faith

Abstract
This paper will address the work and philosophy of two Native Canadian artists, Joane Cardinal-Schubert, a visual artist and Maria Campbell, a writer. Both these artists have similar concerns in their work and weave personal and community experience into their art. They employ both the oral tradition influence from their ethnic backgrounds and more non-Native oriented visual and written traditions to create a fusion of their two cultures and thereby regain a voice for their communities in the larger Canadian culture.

Abstract
An examination of several ideas which have been suggested as the possible causes of the Great Western Schism. The paper suggests one popular argument which blames the people of Rome, the hasty appointment of Urban VI was made to dispel an angry Roman mob. Another theory analyzed is that the King of France was attempting to seize control back of the papacy and persuaded the cardinals to elect a second pope. The actions of Urban VI and the Cardinals have also been blamed. This paper examines these theories and attempts to pinpoint the proximate cause of the Great Western Schism.

From the Paper
"During the middle and end of the 14th century, the Catholic Church went through a major crisis that came to be known as the Great Western Schism. Bartholomew Prignano, the Archbishop of Bari, was elected Pope and took the name Urban VI. After just a few months of Urban's rule, the Cardinal College left Rome and elected one of their own, Robert of Geneva, who became Pope Clement VII. In 1409 a church council in Pisa attempted to elect a new pope that could unite the sides. The Pisian council did, but neither pope was willing to give up his power. Thus, three popes were vying for authority over the church. "

Tags:pope, urban, vi, western, cardinal, france, king, rome, roman, mob

Abstract
The paper analyzes "A Praise of Folly", written in 1509, which expresses the views of Desiderius Erasmus toward such topics as the church, humanism and the clergy. The paper shows how Erasmus is of the opinion that popes, cardinals, priests, and monks gave in to their human temptations and did not live up to the example set by Christ.

From the Paper
"He expressed his views through The Praise of Folly, a book that is about a muse named Folly, who acts as the vehicle through which Erasmus criticizes the church. Erasmus wrote the book to express humanist views and to criticize much of society. The book uses examples of the clergy's misdeeds to show how they cannot control their human weaknesses and demonstrated how they are not living up to Christ's example."

Tags:church, clergy

Abstract
This essay describes Jackie Robinson's past as a baseball player from the time he first played major league baseball in the United States in 1947. The writer shows that he had no expectations beyond breaking the color barrier so that blacks as well as whites could play baseball.The aim of this paper is to show that Robinson was a quiet role model for the youth of the world for generations to come a role model demonstrating that one person can speak up for what he knows to be right, and to have it make a difference.

From the paper:

"Robinson endured many slights and insults while playing professional baseball. When the Brooklyn Dodgers called him up from their farm club, the president of the Philadelphia Phillies announced that their team would not play the Dodgers as long as Robinson was part of the team. The St. Louis Cardinals threatened to strike. Cooler heads prevailed, and Jackie Robinson played ball. (Mims, 1995)."

Tags:Civil, Rights, Black, Americans, routine, institution, discrimination, constitution, Eisenhower