Abstract
This paper examines the life of Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (1475-1530) who was the Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII. It provides a brief outline of his life from his childhood, education, rise in the church and finally to his position under the King. It looks at how Wolsey was treated as a trusted and capable, if ambitious, man who carried out the King's will but often did so in ways that he devised himself and not infrequently, developed strategies of his own that were sanctioned by the King. It analyzes whether Wolsey's eventual disgrace and fall and Henry's willingness to treat him as a scapegoat merit the term pawn and how Wolsey's status as his own man, rather than a pawn of the King, must be judged in terms of what he wished to accomplish rather than by current standards.

From the Paper
"Wolsey was the son of a prosperous grazier and his brilliance secured him a place at Magdalene College Oxford. He was ordained in 1498 and began his relatively slow climb to eminence by serving various influential men until, in 1507, he became chaplain to Henry VII and, in 1509, was appointed almoner and counselor to Henry VIII. From that point on Wolsey's rise proceeded at great speed--in both the ecclesiastical and secular realms. In 1514 he was appointed archbishop of York and in 1515 he was elevated to cardinal and to Lord Chancellor. Wolsey always coveted the position of archbishop of Canterbury, who was usually the effective head of the English church since the only other archbishopric in England, York, took in only the impoverished northern reaches. Gaining the cardinal's hat helped him achieve greater prominence in the church but it was not until, in 1518, Wolsey achieved the unusual status of papal legate (legatus a latere), or papal viceroy, that the cardinal became "as supreme over the English Church as Henry's favor made him over the English state" (Bindoff 83)."

Tags:church, divorce, catherine, of, aragon, lord, chancellor

Abstract
This paper explains that Richelieu, the villain in the "Three Musketeers", is one of the reasons the marriage of church and state, which was the practice in Europe at the time, left such a sour taste in the mouths of those statesmen who crafted the American Constitution. The author points out that the monarchy was established so firmly that, even the long, poorly administered reign, and the series of rebellions, which occurred during that time, could not shake its foundation, and France became the dominating power on the continent of Europe, both in politics and in the arts. The paper relates that, while the Protestant Reformation had taken root in Europe less than a half century prior to Richelieu's ascent to power, his allegiance to the Catholic Pope placed him at political odds with those who engaged in dissent.

From the Paper
"As masterfully demonstrated by the Clinton administration, controlling public opinion is a process of paramount importance if a man of dubious character is to build a favorable legacy. Criticism needed to be stifled, and Richelieu did this with much success. He submitted the press who would question his "advisory role to the king" to a brutally repressive regime. As a result, most pamphlets published in France in his day supported the government. According to recent research into French history, the Cardinal extended his concept of spin control to any publication critical of the government, including popular cultural writers of the time, the Academie Francaise, which was intended to enhance the artistic and intellectual prestige of France."

Tags:church, state, arts, power, newspapers

Abstract
Argues that Wolsey, as Lord Chancellor and an intimate advisor to Henry VIII, was not a pawn of the King. Wolsey's consolidation of his personal power and wealth. His being subject to the King's pleasure and will. His diplomatic talents and achievements. His role in Church reform & disastrous administration of the Church. His excellent changes in the law courts. Outline.

From the Paper
"I Thomas Cardinal Wolsey was not a pawn of Henry VIII even
though all his actions were subject to the King's approval.
A. Wolsey's talents and ambition made him an accomplished diplomat and administrator, and allowed him to amass great wealth from his ecclesiastical positions. Wolsey's status as his own man, rather than a pawn of the King, must be judged in terms of what he wished to accomplish rather than by current standards.


II Wolsey had great diplomatic talents.
His Treaty of London secured a vital alliance with France and made England a major power in European politics.


B. Wolsey grasped the importance of clear, comprehensive treaties along modern lines and securing English safety..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the contributions of Cardinal Newman, a Catholic convert and prince of the Church, to the thought of Catholicism, in particular his addressing of the encounter between secularism and religion.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine key contributions of John Henry Cardinal Newman to theological discourse of Catholicism. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical context in which Newman's biography became relevant to Catholic thought, and then to discuss the source of Newman's relevance to contemporary religious dialogue in the Catholic faith. Although John Henry Newman is one of those figures of English-speaking rhetoric who loom large enough in the history of literature and religion to straddle two cultures, English and American,..."

Tags:Newman, modernism, secularism, faith

Abstract
This paper will address the work and philosophy of two Native Canadian artists, Joane Cardinal-Schubert, a visual artist and Maria Campbell, a writer. Both these artists have similar concerns in their work and weave personal and community experience into their art. They employ both the oral tradition influence from their ethnic backgrounds and more non-Native oriented visual and written traditions to create a fusion of their two cultures and thereby regain a voice for their communities in the larger Canadian culture.

From the Paper
"John Henry Newman was a major figure in the development of Roman Catholicism in England in the nineteenth century, and indeed he exercised a vital influence on the religious life of the nation. Newman left numerous writings about his life and his theology, and these have been influential ever since. His autobiography, Apologia pro Vita Sua, details his spiritual journey and the development of the theological thought that caused him to change his religious affiliation from the Anglican church to the Roman Catholic Church. In his autobiography, Cardinal Newman not only discusses the strength of his conversion and the nature of his spiritual shift, but also provides a strong defense of Catholicism against its critics and against those who would challenge his thought because of the conversion he underwent. Included in the work is an account of his role in the..."

Abstract
This paper describes the election of a Pope in the Catholic Church. It further shows how this process is different than the selection of a CEO for a company, in that it is a secret process. The College of Cardinals are electing a leader rather than hiring someone. Additionally, the paper delineates the steps taken in the election of a Pope.

From the Paper
"The following steps are taken when a Pope is elected. The Church is run in the interim by the Camerlego who sees to the preparation. The Cardinals of the Church specially appointed bishops must gather between ... and .... days after the death of the previous Pope. Only Cardinals under the age of ... may vote. Only grave illness may prevent them from being present. There is theoretically no discussion beforehand among the cardinals. No consensus is taken of the Church. "

Tags:papal, election, pope, ceo, Catholic, church

Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of all ten books of the work, "Republic" by Plato. It examines each book individually, summarizes its contents and then comments. Some of the topics covered in the paper are: The definition of justice, the division of labor, the education of a good person, the cardinal virtues of a good state, etc.

From the Paper
"Many parallels can be drawn between the cave dwellers in Plato's allegory and modern man. The absence of light from sources other than the fire (symbolizing the Earth's sun) is a metaphor for man's lack of education of the spiritual nature. As the caveman does not see the light of sun, man does not perceive Plato's Form of Good (the symbolic parallel of the sun). Man lives in a world of material truths, of facts and figures, an existence often lived to the exclusion of his pursuit of understanding the more abstract truths and philosophies. Because of our neglect concerning this facet of knowledge, society is blind to its motivations, responsibilities, and destiny."

Tags:Polemarchos, Socrates, Thrasymachos

Abstract
In this paper the author examines the theme of tragedy that runs through this play. In so doing he looks at the primary relationships in the play - the relationship between the Cardinal, the Duchess and Ferdinand and the relationship between the Duchess and Antonio which he suggests is central to the play. He also suggests that the character of Bosola is an additional factor in the events that lead to the tragic end. The author examines each of these factors in turn, looking at the characters involved, their characteristics and the meaning of each factor and concludes by showing, not only how all these events led to the tragic ending, but also what meaning this has for the reader.

From the paper:

"The central tragedy of the play is that of the Duchess. She is represented as a fine woman in terrible circumstances. Her tragic flaw is her need to follow her heart. She defies the reality of the situation and makes the decision to marry Antonio and ultimately suffers for this choice. The tragedy of the situation is that she does nothing wrong. Her relationship with Antonio is pure. Even with the tragedy that results, she accepts this as a consequence of loving Antonio and accepts her fate."

Tags:play, illicit, love, revenge, murder, tragedy, demise, heroine, duchess, family, values, ferdinand, antonio, bosola, evil, good, society, struggle

Abstract
This paper takes a look at Francois Rabelais' life and how his upbringing influenced his work. The work examined in this paper is "Gargantua and Pantagruel". Firstly a description of his upbringing in a historical context is provided and then a concise look at the novel. The characters are analyzed and contrasted.

From the paper:

"Because to laugh is proper to the man.? ? Francois Rabelais.
Francois Rabelais was a satirist. Throughout his life, he was bombarded with Christian ideals and ideas, yet his works certainly ridicule many aspects of the Christian faith. Francois Rabelais was born in 1483 at Chinon in Touraine. This date, as well as many other details of his life, is in dispute by scholars all over the world. Some researchers believe that his father was an apothecary while others believe that Rabelais? father was an innkeeper. Francois began his studies with the Benedictines but eventually joined the Franciscans where he stayed fifteen years and received his Holy Orders. He later found the convent was against the studies of the Renaissance that he favoured, so with permission from the Pope, he left it. At his new convent home he continued his study of medicine in 1530. By the following year, he was a professor of anatomy at Lyons as well as head physician at Pont-du-Rhone hospital. During his time as head physician, he fathered a child that died young. In 1534 he began his time with Cardinal du Bellay as a physician. He received an indult from Pope Paul III that allowed him to practice medicine and absolved him from his former infraction of fathering a child while in the priesthood."

Tags:giants, Catholic, theology, Church, satire, curse, character, monk, humanist, human, paradox, intellectual