Abstract
This paper explains that laryngeal cancer is cancer of the larynx or voice box, which is essential for normal vocal production. The paper describes several types of degrees of laryngectomy, the complete or partial removal of the larynx, which is usually performed to contain and stop the cancer from metastasizing to other cells. The paper then explains that, in addition to regular post surgical care, a speech pathologist should be included in the treatment team as soon as possible. The speech pathologist helps the patient learn to communicate, provides counseling and gives emotional support. Several illustrations are included with the paper.

From the Paper
"It is the responsibility of the speech language pathologist to be the main intermediary between the patient and communication, postoperatively, as speech pathologists seek to help the patient learn effective communication in whatever manner possible so the individual may gain as close to pre-surgical communication effectiveness as possible. This means that the speech pathologist is responsible for training the individual on devices, pneumonic and electric as well as helping the individual to use pneumonic devices for communication and or teaching the individual a greater expression of sign language development."

Tags:squamous detection devices intermediary, family intervention

Abstract
This paper discusses how and why it occurs that a mammogram might not always detect breast cancer. It discusses the various biological and technical factors and also looks at ways that this phenomenon might be reversed.

From the Paper
"Mammography is a particular type of imaging which use a low-dose x-ray system for the purpose of detecting breast cancer, at a very early stage. But even with the help of Mammography, in 10-30% of cases breast cancers would be missed. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the factors, which cause missed breast cancers, and discuss ways to reduce the false negative rate of mammography."

Tags:image, radiation

Abstract
This paper discusses three basic classifications of skin cancer that exist - basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. It describes each type of skin cancer, its causes and its symptoms. The paper then discusses the similarities that the three types of skin cancer share and the ways that they vary in severity and characteristics.

From the Paper
"Melanoma is dangerous because if undetected it can advance to other parts of the body including organs. Once the cancer spreads it becomes more difficult to treat and even fatal. Melanoma is believed to be somewhat hereditary because in more than half of cases an individual with melanoma had a relative with it as well. People who suffered from basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma are also put on a higher risk of getting melanoma. Once you have been diagnosed with melanoma the next step is to figure out what stage of the disease you have. The stages are in ascending order from the earliest stage (stage one) to the latest more serious stage (stage four). The stages are named due to the thickness of the tumor and how far the tumor has spread in the body (Skin Cancer foundation)."

Tags:basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

Abstract
The paper examines the adenoma to carcinoma sequence proposed by B. Volgenstein and E.R. Fearon. The paper explains how this model acts as a basis for understanding the mechanisms which are thought to cause eighty per cent of sporadic colon cancers and cases of familial adenematous polyposis. The paper also describes an alternative pathway resulting in microsatellite instability and thought to underlie cases of hereditary non polyposis colon cancer. In addition, the paper looks at the molecular events involving mutated mismatch repair enzymes.

From the Paper
"Colorectal cancer causes approximately 15,000 deaths per year in the U.K and about 30,000 individuals are diagnosed with it each year making it the second most common cause of death from cancer. Of these, about 70% are colon cancers which affect men and women and are much more prevalent in the Western World than India or Asia. About 25% of colon cancers occur where there's a family history of it but only 5% are due to known familial syndromes. These include Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP); a mendelian dominant disorder which sees a germline mutation of APC and hereditary non polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC); a disorder in which germline mutations in mismatch repair enzymes are caused. The other 20% of clusters of colon cancer in families are unexplained but postulated risks are "mild" APC and mismatch repair gene mutations or polymorphisms of genes involved in nutrient or carcinogen metabolism and also non genetic factors. The main proportion of colon cancer though arises from sporadic adenomatous polyps (75%)."

Tags:mismatch, repair, genes, enzymes, germline, mutation, adenoma, carcinoma

Abstract
The paper explains that the liver is the biggest internal organ in the body and is essential to the body's vital functions. The paper describes the two main types of liver cancer; hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinomas. The paper discusses risk factors, symptoms that can lead to a diagnosis of liver cancer and identifies conventional and complimentary/alternative cancer treatments. The paper shows how this form of cancer is more common in men than women. The paper notes that liver cancer is particularly dangerous because it has usually been growing in the body for some time before it is diagnosed.

Outline:
Introduction
Liver Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinomas
Risk Factors
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to the American Cancer Society, the liver is the bigest internal organ in the body. It is located underneath the right ribs, just unde the right lung and diaphragm. The American Cancer Society explains that the liver looks like a pyramid and is divided into right and left lobes(What is Liver Cancer, 2006). The liver also receives blood from 2 sources(What is Liver Cancer, 2006). The first source is the hepatic artery which supplies the liver with blood that is rich in oxygen. In addition the portal vein carry the nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver (What is Liver Cancer, 2006)."

Tags:complementary, medicine, alternative, symptom, diagnosis

Abstract
This paper looks at the sensitive medical condition known as testicular embolism or testicular carcinoma. It looks at the reasons that the disease often goes undetected, the medical treatment for the disease, and the sensitivity required by physicians and attending medical staff when treating someone with testicular carcinoma.

From the Paper
"Researchers from Nijmegen's University Medical Center St Radboud warned that a treatment delay of more than three months for testicular carcinoma was associated with a "significantly decreased" five-year survival rate. The most commonly cited reason for this critical diagnostic delay was not monetary issues. Instead, the delay was often due to patients fear and embarrassment of the condition and the location of the condition in the body. (Health Media Ltd., 2002) One way to prevent the spread of testicular carcinoma is speedy detection and treatment. Patients must conduct self-examinations on a regular basis, of course, and take responsibility for their own health. However, after detection has been made of a suspicious testicular mass, the next step often is the procedure of testicular embolism, as performed by a hospital's radiology department."

Tags:cancer, patient, men, procedure, radiologist, hospital, examination, health, malignant

Abstract
The paper relates that Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been "identified at a higher rate in the tissue of women diagnosed with cervical cancer than among nonaffected controls (citing Salmeron et al., 2003; Balmes, Ritz, & Tager, 2005, p. 245). The paper relates that the disease can cause pathologies including, but not limited to, pain during intercourse, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, genital warts, and penile, anal, cervical, and vulvar carcinoma (Immerman & Mackey, 1997, p. 443; Lytwyn & Sellors, 1997, p. 113). The paper discusses how although papanicolaou (Pap) tests have led to the decrease in mortality rates caused by cervical cancer, approximately 230,000 women per year die from the disease worldwide.

From the Paper
'Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been "identified at a higher rate in the tissue of women diagnosed with cervical cancer than among nonaffected controls" (citing Salmeron et al, 2003; Balmes, Ritz, & Tager, 2005, p...)"

Tags:hpv, etiology, study

Abstract
The paper explores the risk factors for developing colorectal carcinoma, which include one's diet, hereditary factors and syndromes and having inflammatory bowel disease. The paper discusses the symptoms, findings of a physical examination, prognosis for patients and treatment options.

From the Paper
"The gastrointestinal tract is our body's pathway where food travels from the mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine within where the nutrients are extracted for the needs of the body. The first part of the pathway is the esophagus. It is the conduit that guides food from the mouth, where it is prepared by chewing, down to the stomach where it is stored. Then, the stomach, which is both a storage space and a secretory organ that produces the gastric acid necessary for digestion. Then the tract is followed by the duodenum when involuntary muscle contractions (peristalsis) empties the food gradually into it, the first part of the small intestine."

Tags:diet, hereditary, factors, inflammatory, bowel, disease, polyps, lesions, tumors

Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.

Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."

Tags:African-American, women, breast, cancer, tumor, treatment, detection

Abstract
"Smoking is a factor, and an important factor, in the production of carcinoma in the lung," wrote Richard Doll and Bradford Hill some fifty years ago. It was this first study which would initiate all others. It was this first study which would be expanded and eventually establish smoking as a major health risk linking it to problems including everything from heart disease to bronchitis, from indigestion to impotence. And it was this first study which would spark the controversies still surrounding smoking, smokers and the tobacco industry. The paper argues that for over fifty years the tobacco industry has repeatedly demonstrated a callous and irresponsible demeanor. Throughout the years, the industry has lied to the public about the harmful effects of cigarettes and they have consciously marketed their product toward youth, minorities and the poor. This paper looks closely at issues surrounding cigarettes, smoking and the multi-billion dollar industry which supports and promotes mass consumption of tobacco throughout the world.

From the Paper
"In 1995, ABC News reported that tobacco companies manipulate the amount of nicotine " the primary addictive ingredient " in their cigarettes. They do this by removing nicotine from the tobacco and then restoring it, thus making it more potent. Unfortunately, ABC used the term "spike" in their report, leading many to believe that tobacco companies add more nicotine to their product. Though the vast majority of the report was valid, that single word gave the tobacco companies the opening that they required. The executives at Phillip Morris were not amused by the report at all, so they took that opening and sued ABC for ten billion dollars. (Glass, Pg 3)"

Tags:nicotine, lung, cancer, ETS