From the Paper
"FORMATION AND CONTROL OF BROMATE IN THE WATER OZONATION PROCESS

Introduction
The bromate ion, BrO3-, can be formed from a reaction of bromide, Br-, and ozone, O3, now an expected reaction during ozonation as a process of water disinfection. Recently, cities have substituted ozone for chlorine as a disinfectant. Bromide is a natural constituent of sea water, which becomes commingled with numerous freshwater estuarine rivers serving as sources of municipal water supply on the ocean coasts of the United States and in other parts of the world. Bromate has been named an expected carcinogen to humans, and it must be minimized -- EPA wishes to zero -- during water treatment and distribution.

Bromate and Other Bromine-Ion Dangers
Ozone has shown promise as a substitute for chlorine as a ..."

Abstract
This paper is an incomplete presentation of a series of monographs for carcinogens. All carcinogens chosen were chosen based on being carcinogenic components of cigarette smoking. Two Group One carcinogens - Benzene and Radon were chosen, two group two carcinogens - formaldehyde and acrylonitrile were also chosen. Each were discussed in this paper based on chemical use, derivation (natural or synthetic), safety levels, results of acute exposure and results of cumulative exposure.

From the Paper
"The following monograms are all cancerous agents from Group 1, Group 2 and Group 2B carcinogens that result from tobacco smoke ("Tobacco smoke, 1999). Group 1 - Benzene, CAS# 71-43-2 Chemical uses. Benzene is used in many industries as a solvent and chemical additive, ranging from the rubber and oil industries to shoe manufacturers and chemical plants ("Benzene," 2006). Benzene is also a component of many consumer goods, primarily as a solvent, such as glues, art supplies of varying kinds, glues, paint strippers as well as various detergents and other cleaning supplies ("Benzene," 2006). How developed. Benzene is a colorless, highly flammable liquid formed from natural processes such as forest fires and volcanoes ("Benzene," 2006). For over 150 years, however, benzene has been produced commercially from coal and more recently petroleum."

Tags:carcinogens, chemicals, monograph

Abstract
This paper focuses on the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment's publication regrading the chemical arsenic. The chemical with respect to carcinogenicities, exposures, research, and other considerations are discussed. In addition to the website with the report, over 30 other sources were used to make this report.

From the Paper
"Arsenic in the drinking water supply has been the subject of much controversy and debate in state and national government. The allowable amount had remained unchanged for decades at 50 parts per billion until fairly recent years. While an earlier presidential administration attempted to curtail the amount allowable in the water supply, later politicians did the contrary. There is little doubt that science supports the toxicity and carcinogenicity, but attempts to undermine the significance of findings has stalled stricter regulation on the national level."

Tags:arsenic, drinking, water

Abstract
Examines the structure, chemistry and biological activity, focusing on antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties in animal systems.

From the Paper
"Beta Carotene

The carotenoids as a group, and specifically the beta carotenes, are known to serve a variety of functions in living cells. Presented here is an overview of the structure, chemistry, and biological activity of beta carotene, with emphasis on its capacity as an antioxidant and anti-carcinogen in animal systems.

Beta carotene is a member of a class of pigments called carotenoids, which occur naturally in plants and are found as well in animals. A precursor of vitamin A, also called provitamin A, it is found as an orange-red pigment in terrestrial plants, algae and some marine mammals. After purification, it appears as ruby-red crystals, easily oxidized on contact with air, with MP 184 degrees, MW 536.44. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in chloroform, carbon disulfide, ether and benzene. Its ..."

Abstract
This study provides a discussion of silica, the evolution of crystalline silica dust exposure concerns, an overview of the various uses of crystalline silica in the workplace, a summary of the various governmental regulations and standards that currently govern crystalline silica in the workplace, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation process for classification of silica, a discussion of how the presence of crystalline silica is currently determined and measured in the workplace, as well as what can be done to protect workers from exposure to this hazardous material. Additionally, the various health risks resulting from crystalline silica exposure are discussed, including the relationship between crystalline silica exposure and the incidence of silicosis, cancer, and various autoimmune disorders. Finally, the specific dangers of exposure in the construction industry and among heavy-equipment operators are explored, and the growing body of legal actions resulting from crystalline silica exposure is discussed.

Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Definition of Terms
Overview of Study
Review of Literature
History of Crystalline Silica Exposure
Use of Crystalline Silica
Measurement of Crystalline Silica
Determining the Presence of Silica in the Workplace
Measuring Workplace Exposure to Crystalline Silica
Protection Against Crystalline Silica
Silicosis Resulting from Crystalline Silica
The IARC Evaluation Process
IARC Classification of Silica
Amended IARC Evaluation of Silica as a Carcinogen
Crystalline Silica and Autoimmune Diseases
Exposure to Silica in Construction
Exposure to Silica Among Heavy Equipment
Exposure to Silica in Sandblasters
Legal Actions
Death in the Workplace
Regulation
OSHA's Hazard Standard
Relevant OSHA Regulations
Methodology
Approach
Data Gathering
Database of Study
Validity of the Data
Originality & Limitations of the Data

From the Paper
"Silicon is classified as a nonmetal, but it has many of the properties that are associated with metals. Some scientists refer to this type of an element as a metalloid. Silicon acts like a metal and conducts electricity at high temperatures, but at low temperatures, it behaves more like an insulator and does not conduct electricity. Therefore, it is referred to as a semiconductor. This particular property is what made silicon the perfect element to propel technology into the world of transistors, then integrated circuits, and finally today's computer chip (Boegel, 1968).
Silica is a chemical compound, as opposed to an element, and is formed from silicon and oxygen atoms. A chemical compound is defined as "a distinct and pure substance formed by the union of two or more elements" (USGS, 1992, p. 3). Due to the abundance of the elements of oxygen and silicon, the natural formation of silica is quite common. Silica sand, the substance from which pure silicon is derived, is made of quartz. Quartz is the most common form of silica found in nature."

Tags:chemical, cancer, danger, toxic, toxin

Abstract
From the mass of regulations generated by the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act (CAA) the increased use of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as an oxygen-enhancing additive in gasoline (intended to reduce carbon monoxide emissions produced the most widespread public response and the greatest amount of regulatory and legislative reshuffling. The paper shows that from local government in Fairbanks, Alaska to the State Senate of California to the Environmental Protection Agency, citizens, legislators, regulators and various commercial interests have been involved in a struggle to determine how best to protect the public interest as regards the use of MTBE. The paper examines the issue of MTBE as a likely human carcinogen that produces significant reductions in carbon monoxide emissions, but is sometimes claimed to be an airborne health hazard and has been definitively shown to contaminate water supplies.

From the Paper
"The drawbacks of ethanol are relatively minor. It increases emission of the toxic pollutant acetaldehyde, but still produces overall reductions in air contamination, and, in water, it increases "the solubility of other gasoline contaminants' plumes allowing the to spread further." Ethanol's principal drawbacks are economic. It cannot be practically transported by pipeline and is only practically produced in areas where the raw materials are readily available, i.e., the Midwest. Since 74 percent of the demand for RFG and oxygenated fuels is on the East and West coasts, and ethanol is also more expensive to produce because it "requires additional processing to meet the volatility requirements" of RFG, its use would probably increase the costs of cleaner-burning fuels considerably. The Clinton administration, not insusceptible itself to agricultural interests, proposed that the EPA require that "at least thirty percent of oxygenates in gasoline be renewable," which meant, in effect, a mandate for higher ethanol use since it is the primary fuel additive considered to be renewable, i.e., derived from organic sources. But the fate of ethanol will probably not be decided for some time as the debate over MTBE continues."

Tags:NAAQS, EPA, vehicle, Republican, Party, Bush

Abstract
Examines the controversy over the addition of MTBE to gasoline to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. Discusses MTBE as a human carcinogen, the contamination of water supplies, health risks, and the goal of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act.

From the Paper
"From the mass of regulations generated by the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act (CAA) the increased use of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as an oxygen-enhancing additive in gasoline (intended to reduce carbon monoxide emissions) has been the result ... "

From the Paper
"The dangers of smoking are well known to most Americans who still smoke in this decade, yet smokers still persist in the single most avoidable cancer risk. Smokers and nonsmokers alike are aware of the risks, as studies from each succeeding decade huild up a consistent body of evidence showing that smoke and second-hand smoke are detrimental to personal and public safety.


Although for the first time there are now more Americans who have quit smoking than who still smoke, and although the overall smoking rate among adults is now just below 25 percent, more than 43 million American men and women still smoke. Unfortunately, there has been no decline in smoking by teenagers, with 17 percent of high school seniors now smoking daily (Brody, 1993, p. 17).


The above statistics will be examined in view of the health..."

From the Paper
"For years, many epidemiologists have thought that second-hand tobacco smoke causes lung cancer and other respiratory diseases in nonsmokers, but they have been hesitant to label environmental tobacco smoke a clear-cut carcinogen. The reason for this is that almost everyone is exposed to cigarette smoke from time to time, making it hard for epidemiologists to track any effects of secondary smoke from those of a host of other potential hazards. Recently, however, an outside panel of scientists convened by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved crucial elements of a draft review concluding that passive smoking does indeed cause lung cancer. Several months later, environmental smoke was labeled a carcinogen.


Indeed, the risks of second-hand smoke to nonsmokers has become a major issue today, both medically and legally."

Tags:ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

From the Paper
"Arsenic: A Human Carcinogen


Arsenic has always had an evil reputation. Its use as a homicidal and suicidal agent is widely known. In addition, more recently, its potential for causing harm in the environment is being realized. Abundant studies establish a relationship between arsenic and certain types of cancer. As a contaminant in drinking water, it poses a significant threat to human health.


The alchemists' symbol for arsenic is a coiled serpent (Levander et al., 1977, p. 1). The chemical is famous for its poisonous attributes. Less well.known, however, is the fact that arsenic has also been used as a therapeutic "tonic." For hundreds of years, patients received arsenic for conditions ranging from acute infections to epilepsy, and asthma (Bickley & Papa, 1989, p. 378). Furthermore, both inorganic and organic..."