Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment on acid-base reactions and calculates the ka, kb, pka and pkb from the pH determinations. The paper explains that the experiment involves measuring the pH of solutions of vinegar (acetic acid), seltzer water (carbonic acid) and ammonia.

From the Paper
"This laboratory is concerned with the determination of the pka and pkb of weak acids and bases. Most of the acid or base of weak acids or bases exists in the molecular form in solution with little ionization. There are standard formulas for calculation..."

Tags:pka/pkb

Abstract
This paper explains that acid rain as an environmental concern is not mentioned as much any more though its danger remains. The paper points out that acid rain is a global problem because wind directions are global. The paper also describes the many adverse effects of acid rain such as its impact on fish larvae. The paper then discusses the parts of the 1990 Clean Air Act, which are devoted to the prevention of acid rain. The paper includes many formulas detailing the creation and effects of acid rain.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Acid Rain
Chemistry of Acid Rain
Adverse Effects of Acid Rain
Efforts to Curb the Effects of Acid Rain

From the Paper
"This same idea can be used to explain atmospheric pollution. A few decades ago, the beautiful, Indian monument, the Taj Mahal, started developing cracks in it and the brilliant marble colors started taking on a dull hue. It was discovered that a nearby factory was releasing sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. The resulting acid rain had deposited on the surface of the marble (CaCO3) converting it into the dull gypsum (CaSO4.1/2 H2O). Calcium sulfate also has twice the molar volume of calcium carbonate. This expansion had resulted in added stress resulting in cracks."

Tags:ecosystem, global winds, carbonic acid, photosynthesis guidelines

Abstract
The following paper examines why environmental scientists are concerned that the level of acidity in rain and snow has increased beyond its normal levels in the United States. The writer discusses the ways in which this has had a serious impact in several areas, including forests in the northeast and many of the country's most valued monuments.

From the Paper
"Munton (1998) expresses the same concerns. He notes that emissions have already been reduced by 50%. That is an impressive improvement, but perhaps still more than delicate ecosystems can stand. He suggests that we may need even more restrictive interventions in place, and points out that modern society's effects on the atmosphere goes beyond acid rain, which may also affect human health, but to breathable particulates, effects on the ozone layer, and regional haze making particular areas periodically more vulnerable to the effects of airborne pollutants.

"In conclusion, it may be too soon to be satisfied with our efforts so far. Given the tremendous amount of pollution released into the air, a 50% reduction may be a result that looks good on paper but that is still significantly damaging to our environment."

Tags:carbon, dioxide, air, absorption, chlorine, ocean, compounds, acidity, alkalinity, Ph, scale, acidity

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of acid rain and its impact on the environment. The writer explores what acid rain is and how it is created and then details the many different ways that it can hurt the eco-system. The writer concludes with a discussion about what can be done, on an individual and organizational level, to reduce the threat of acid rain to the environment.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
What Is It?
Effects of Acid rain
Solving the Problem
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The harm that acid rain does can be measured tangibly with scientific testing but it also has an intangible impact on the atmosphere as it causes changes to the way things look and feel as well. The beauty of plants and forests and streams can be negatively affected through the damage that acid rain leaves behind (Understanding acid rain http://weather.about.com/library/weekly/aa032502a.htm)."
"One of the more specific issues with acid rains is its ability to cause the acidification of lakes and streams worldwide. It is also causing damage to trees, especially the trees that are found at higher elevations. One example of this is the red spruce trees that are normally located at 2,000 feet above sea level (Effects of Acid Rain http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/index.html)."

Tags:population, deposition, eco-system

Abstract
This paper provides a definition of "acid rain" and how it is formed. It looks at the dangers of acid rain and the damage it is doing to the environment. It briefly examines options and programs that can be performed to reduce acid rain.

From the Paper
"The term "acid rain" is a little misleading. Rain is naturally acidic, from both carbon dioxide in the air and absorption of chlorine from the ocean (Gordon, 2002). All compounds can be measured for acidity or alkalinity on a Ph scale ranging from 0 - 14, with anything below 7 showing at least slight acidity. Rain is judged "acid" when its Ph falls below 5. (Gordon, 2002) Environmental scientists are concerned because in some parts of our country, the level of acidity in rain and snow has increased beyond its normal levels. This has had a serious impact in several areas, including our forests in the northeast and many of our most valued monuments."

Tags:environment, chemical, damage, sulphar, dioxide, foil, forest, soil, pollution

Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment exploring the carbonate/bicarbonate buffer system. The paper explains how the testing of the buffer was conducted and discusses the reaction of the individual ingredients, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, to the addition of acid or base. The paper also explores the reaction of the combined solution to acid and base.

Tags:acid, base, buffer

Abstract
This paper provides a detailed analysis of several gases and chemicals which are present in the air we breathe and how these are causing adverse effects on our health. It explains that air pollution created by humans is the most dangerous and discusses possible ways to reduce this phenomena.

Outdoor Air Pollution
Ozone
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulphur Dioxide
Acid Aerosols
Particulates
Air Toxics
Carbon Monoxide
Lead
Asbestos
Asbestos: Health and Exposure
Potential Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on Health
War: Detrimental Consequences and Air Pollution
War Gases
Classification of War Gases
Asphyxiants (Irrespirable Gases)
Sewer Gas
Emphysema

From the Paper
"The air that surrounds us is a mixture of 78 percent nitrogen; 21 percent oxygen; less than 1 percent of carbon dioxide, argon, and other gases; and varying amounts of water vapor. Any other particles, gases or unoriginal constituents hanging in the air which are not part of its original composition are called "Pollutants" and this kind of air is called Polluted Air. Even inhaling small amounts of such air pollutants can have serious effects on ones health and leads to environmental problems. We can see some air pollutants such as the reddish-brown haze in smog; however, other air pollutants, including some of the most dangerous, are invisible.

Air pollution can be natural or human-made. Air pollution occurs naturally during volcano eruptions, forest fires, or dust storms. This has been an occasional problem for humans. However, during the past hundred years, air pollution created by humans has become a major, persistent problem."

Tags:gas, hazard

Abstract
Mosquitoes are insects that have been around for approximately 30 million years. Mosquitoes can sense carbon dioxide and lactic acid up to 100 feet away. If a person wears light or white clothing, mosquitoes can see him/her and zero in on him/her. Mosquitoes can detect heat. One way to stop mosquitoes is to confuse their chemical receptors.

Tags:NURSING, HEALTHCARE / HEALTH AND HEALTHCARE ISSUES, chemical mosquito pesticides

Abstract
In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Ethanol. The author makes mention of the different ways that it can be produced, its various characteristics, chemical composition and uses. The paper concludes with various arguments as to why ethanol has so many benefits and is so useful and argues why it may well be the ?fuel of the future?.

From the paper:

?Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, ? OH ? bonded to a carbon atom.?

Tags:fermenting, distilling, starch, sugar, manufacture, solvent, ethanol, acetaldehyde, ethanoic, acid, acetic, ch3ch2oh, molecules, chemical, hydroxyl, c2h4, ethene, h2o, steam, c2h5oh, yeast, zymase, enzyme

Abstract
The paper describes sodium bicarbonate as a non-hazardous substance found in a number of household and industrial applications. The paper outlines the health and safety issues and medical uses of this compound.

Outline:
Health and Safety Issues
Medical Uses

From the Paper
"Sodium bicarbonate is, in general, a non-hazardous substance found in a number of household and industrial applications. The formula for Sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3. Its molecular weight is 81.01 (1). It is also known by the common names Sodium hydrogen carbonate; sodium acid carbonate; baking soda; and bicarbonate of soda (1). It appears as a white, solid crystalline form, but sometimes as a fine, white powder (1). It can be purchased from a number of scientific and general population sources."

Tags:acid, Solvay, process, sodium, chloride, ammonia, carbon, dioxide