Abstract This paper discusses an experiment in which a Grignard reagent was synthesized and used to perform its unique function - nucleophilic addition to create a carbon-carbon bond. The paper describes the materials and methods used in the experiment. It then presents the results in a table and discusses the findings of the experiment.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Appendix
From the Paper "Bis(diphenylmethyl) ether was more likely to form than any other side product because it is a result of nucleophilic substitution, which was the most likely mechanism to occur under the experimental conditions (Mazid and Palmer, 1975). The formation of biphenyl (as a result of self-coupling) was not possible during the synthesis of the Grignard reagent because during the Grignard reaction, coupling is avoided and precautions are taking to insure it does not occur. In order for the two carbons to couple, like in the alkylation by an acetylide ion (Wade, 433-445), the halide has to leave. However, the halide is an important component of any Grignard reagent, and if displaced by self-coupling (via nucleophilic substitution), the intended reaction could not occur. In other words, after the joining of the two equivalent alkyl groups, no further alkylationis possible, since the Grignard reagent would be destroyed (Wade, 433-445)."
Abstract This paper discusses that concerns have been raised about a rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper explains that the issue has been examined using climate models, such as the one called EDGCM based on a 120 year long model run, starting in 1985 with an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper relates that a global climate model such as this allows for a study of climates in the past present and future.
From the Paper "Such computer-driven models are one of the primary tools now used in climate research. The EDGCM model also serves as a learning tool for students and provides data to the public in a more easily-accessed manner than is true of some other models ("EDGCM: The Project" paras. 1-3)."
Abstract This paper explains that numerous factors account for variations of global patterns of carbon accumulation. The author points out that some of these factors are climate, precipitation, cultivation, degree of irrigation,and altitude. The paper relates that also very significant, especially for tropical and temperate forests, are the measurement standards applied.
From the Paper "Numerous factors account for variations of global patterns of carbon accumulation. Among those factors are climate, soil texture, soil cultivation, amount of nitrogen in soils, and the interaction of altitude and precipitation. Also very significant especially for tropical and temperate forests are the standards applied; not only do these studies use differing measurements depending on the ecosystem, but variations in measurements must often be used within a single ecosystem because of forest floor diversity (Schlesinger, 1977). One factor is geomorphological and/or hydrological instability in swamp and marsh, especially when edged by tree growth."
Abstract In this paper, the author looks at the issues arising from same sex couples adopting children. The paper explains the procedures involved in adopting and the screening process for prospective parents. The author then looks at same sex couples who want to adopt and the implications on a child's upbringing. The author specifically mentions a report by the Medical Institute of Sexual Health which states that "Significantly higher percentages of homosexual men and women abuse drugs, alcohol and tobacco than do heterosexuals." The author discusses how he believes that children have the right to grow up in a normal healthy family which, he believes, is made up of a mother and a father. In conclusion, the author offers his opinion that, although home is where the heart is, adoption should be about placing children in natural families and safe homes.
From the Paper "In addition, the child has a right to have a natural family, and a mother and father. Due to divorce, this family deprivation has already hit America like no other war, disease, or problem before. Should this unnatural family life continue or be extended and even encouraged by homosexual couples adopting? Social researcher David Blankenhorn, author of Fatherless America, declared, "Fatherlessness is the 'engine driving' social pathologies such as crime, adolescent pregnancy, child sexual abuse, and violence against women." Research confirms that the domestic environment most favorable to the well being of children has both a mother and a father. (Gay Adoption)"
Abstract The growing movement of the gay rights movement in the United States, Canada and elsewhere has raised some sensitive issues. Not the least of these is whether gay couples should be allowed to adopt children. This paper explores this problem.
Abstract This paper examines how ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is one of the most widely used and most promising of the methods available for the detection and identification of explosives today. It looks at how two independent principles and the foundations of this technique are that ions can be created at ambient pressure from radioactive materials and how these gas phase ions can be characterized rapidly for mobility in weak electric fields. Several diagrams are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
How it Works
Instrumentation
Sample Introduction
Ion Formation
From the Paper "The electric field is established via a voltage divider and a series of conducting rings stacked between the ion shutter and the detector. In the drift region, there is a drift gas at constant pressure, which may be between 1 Torr and atmospheric pressure depending on the configuration of the IMS instrument. The ions experience a number of collisions as they pass through the buffer gas. These collisions hinder the ions progress to the detector. Larger ions move slower through the drift tube due to greater collision cross sections causing more collisions. Smaller ions, on the other hand, move faster as their collision cross section is smaller and therefore they encounter fewer collisions. This explains how the separation via shape and size is possible."
Abstract This paper begins with a general overview of chemistry to familiarize the reader and describes how chelating ligands form complexes with metal ions. The chelating groups discussed are: Ionophores, British Anti-Lewisite, Cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (Cisplatin?), and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The paper states that Chelation therapy will most likely perfect the removal of tumors without the need for radiation.
From the Paper "Within the periodic table is found the basic building blocks of life. From the organic atoms like carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) to the in-organics such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and even gold (Au), it has been proven that both are vital to the survival of live. In the mid to late 1800?s, two men by the names of Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer began their work on the reoccurrence of certain characteristics of the known elements of the time (ref 1). It was not until some 15 years later that the periodic table, found in most every chemistry book published today, was accumulated into it's easy to read format by Thomsen and Bohr (ref 1). Since then, many more steps have been made in classifying elements, such as metals, non-metals, and metalloids."
Abstract This paper explores the concepts of carbon and ecological neutrality, the ecological footprint and the carbon footprint. The paper first explains how these concepts are measured. The paper then discusses solutions to reduce the levels of carbon emissions while decreasing mankind's overall ecological footprint.
Outline:
Carbon Neutral and the Footprint of Humanity
The Carbon and Ecological Footprint
Solutions to Reduce the Damage to the Environment
From the Paper "The concept of being carbon neutral means to not damage the environment through Co2 emissions, which may be accomplished in two ways. One is to do absolutely no polluting; however in modern society this is not particularly possible, with the other being to match destruction with reduction, thus balancing things out. This concept however is founded upon the concepts of the footprints made by humanity. The human race is a population of consumers in every sense. All opportunities to utilize something towards progress or profit are capitalized upon. The earth as well as the population is harvested for its value, taking it and placing it upon the open market in the endless pursuit of capital generation. In tandem with this mass consumption is also heavy waste, as not all resources are infinite, and particular ways of life are not geared towards conservation."
Abstract This paper attempts to show how, by analyzing greenhouse gas uptake via measuring the trunks of different ages of tree stands, an estimate of carbon content can be derived. It looks at how the amount of carbon dioxide present helps to determine the success of the regeneration of deforested areas and the effects of mitigating global warming. It tests the difference in carbon accumulation in different age stands of trees to see which is most helpful in carbon accumulation and aiding in the fight against global warming.
Outline
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper "The data we collected is vital to the reduction of greenhouse gases and necessary decrease of global warming in this day and age. Awareness is key to this situation due to the fact that roughly 25% of annual greenhouse gas emissions from human activities come from the United States (Rubin et al, 1992). By knowing the proper means of reduction of carbon emissions, one can contribute to the conservation of the planet, and live a healthier lifestyle. Maintaining healthy young forests is crucial to reducing the effects of emissions. Carbon uptake is strongest in trees before 50 years of age. Therefore, deforestation and reforestation techniques are important in the window of time after this stage. By clearing out forests and planting new trees, carbon mitigation will increase again over the next period of 50 years."
A paper which discusses the issue of global warming and explores the reasons behind the argument that carbon dioxide emissions are most likely the cause of the global warming.
Abstract A paper which examines the arguments that refute that it is not accurate to mainly attribute the problem of global warming to the increasing carbon dioxide emission caused by human activities. The paper discusses the issue of global warming and explores the reasons behind the argument that carbon dioxide emissions are most likely the cause of the global warming. This paper provides the necessary information needed to support the argument presented, as well as discusses and analyzes the opposing arguments that are given in light of this controversial environmental issue. In the last part of the paper the author contends that despite opposing claims refuting the main argument, increased carbon dioxide emissions are still the primary reason why global warming has been prevalent over the years.
From the Paper "There are significant effects in the health of human beings and the environment due to global warming. Human health is threatened because too much heat in the atmosphere causes certain deadly diseases to propagate. Malaria is an example of this disease, which propagate under local climates (hot and humid climates). Excessive heat also result to respiratory ailments and death. Heat strokes attack many people especially when they encounter heat more than their body temperature can take or adapt to. Environmental elements such as water resources dry up due to excessive evaporation. Climate changes occur when excessive precipitation happens because of uncontrollable conditions in the atmosphere. Different landforms become barren and dry, making it impossible for plants to thrive. When this happens, animals that live in their habitats will leave, and may not survive. All of these effects in the environment contribute to the imbalance in ecological diversity."
Tags: Greenhouse, effect, US, Environmental, Protection, Agency, United, Nations
This paper discusses that, while modern day discoveries of new carbon allotropes are reported, the characterization of allotropy remains ambiguous as the definition of what constitutes an allotrope is under debate.
Abstract This paper explains that the linear sp carbon of Lagow's proposed length and structure is contradicted by the unlikelihood of such a stable, long chain allotrope, granting more validity to Hirsch's argument against the existence of Lagow's carbon allotrope. The author points out that controversy arises because, while they do not directly fit the definition of allotropes, non-molecular allotropes like diamond and graphite will terminate with other elements (so no longer a pure element) to become stable. The paper concludes that future scientific work in this area is required to determine a true carbon sp allotrope of usable stability, if one exists, but at this time, Hirsch's position remains the more plausible basis of allotropic characterization.
From the Paper "The IUPAC Red Book defines allotropes as ?different structural modifications of [an] element,? with allotropic transition considered the "transition of a pure element, at a defined temperature and pressure, from one crystal structure to another which contains the same atoms but which has different properties". This definition excludes ozone and oxygen, and does not discuss the classification of carbon allotropes, which can be examined on the basis of the hybridization of their valence orbitals. More modern definitions include the classification of tin where one allotrope is a covalently bonded solid and the other a metal, and differentiate between allotropic molecules, such as dioxygen, infinite covalent solids, like diamond, and infinite, covalently bonded layers with weak intermolecular forces, as seen with graphite. There are also materials that crystallize where the covalent bonding between the elements is unchanged, which are termed polymorphs rather than true allotropes."
Abstract This report will provide a detailed examination of a significant indicator related to the global environment, namely carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning. A minimum of a ten-year data series will be presented for this indicator and an explanation will be offered for the processes that are affecting this particular indicator. Also, a description will be offered of the geographical variability or pattern of the indicator and an analysis will be conducted concerning any changes in the indicator. Finally, this report will describe whether, international action has, or will be expected to, cause change in carbon emissions. 9 pgs. 23 f/c. 12b.
Abstract This paper examines the health hazards of carbon monoxide. It discusses the firefighters in America today, especially those who fought in the 9/11 blazes. The writer looks at the chemistry of carbon monoxide (CO) and why it is dangerous.
From the Paper "Firefighters today face a host of potentially life-threatening situations when fighting fires. Some of these hazards can be minimized by wearing the proper clothing and having the right training so they avoid such things as collapsing walls. In addition, one very real risk is the wide range of toxic agents, both natural and man-made, released into the air, as flammable materials burn. One dangerous substance released in virtually all fires is carbon monoxide (CO), devices that prevent the inhalation of carbon monoxide have to be part of every firefighter's gear."
Abstract This paper explains that, while many poisonous vapors may be present during a fire, carbon monoxide has characteristics that make it particularly dangerous because it causes oxygen deprivation. This author suggests that the solution for firefighters is a piece of equipment called a SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus), which includes a face mask, bottled air supply, a regulator to control pressure, and a harness to carry the apparatus on the firefighter's back. The paper stresses that fire departments must replace all their breathing apparatus at once so they are standardized, and every firefighter has the same level of protection.
From the Paper "When SCBA devices were first developed, they were sold as units. Today, however, most departments buy each piece of apparatus separately. This means that each firefighter has his or her own face mask, which reduces the chance of contagious illnesses being spread because multiple users used the same mask while one of them was coming down with something. In addition, departments need to buy extra masks in case masks get damaged. They also need extra bottles, because one bottle per firefighter may not be enough air, making a bottle exchange necessary. This makes it even more important that components be compatible with one another."
Abstract This paper explores the topic of carbon trading. The writer examines whether corporate carbon trading can effectively save the rainforest. Within that context, the author explores current environmental law and argues that they will lead to a demand on businesses to reduce or offset their CO2 emissions. The writer discusses the difficulty that many businesses will have complying with the law and restrictions. In addition, the environmental damage will increase which will in turn make for stricter laws. The final argument in this paper is that it will be more cost effective to save the rainforest as a CO2 offset than for the rainforest to be taken down for their wood use.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
Solutions
Making it a Corporate Issue
From the Paper "As the world continues to globalize, attention turns to the planet's rainforests and their future. Ecological groups have pitted themselves against large corporations for years regarding the forest and its value to the planet. Corporations are busily cutting down trees for commercial purposes while ecological groups are fighting to get it stopped because of the value the forests give the world by way of protection of wildlife. In recent years a new development has made the argument about conservation more valuable than ever. Carbon trading is a growing topic of debate when it comes to rainforest issues worldwide.
Providing the ability to carbon trade between nations and putting the responsibility of carbon trading on businesses world wide will alleviate future ecological issues currently being faced. Carbon trading is a more efficient and long lasting answer when it comes to the future of the rain forest. It has a longer and more deeply rooted value than wood cutting does because carbon trading does not involve the immediate destruction of wildlife and animal life."
