From the Paper
"One of the common problems faced by historians, geologists, archaeologists and anthropologists is the estimation of the age of particular specimens. Historians are interested in such things as the age of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Anthropologists are interested in the age of jaw bones which were found at Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika. Archaeologists are interested in the date of Ptolemy's sarcophagus. And geologists are interested in the age of the Earth. The answers for a long time evaded people. The best that geologists could do was come up with som sort of ordinal distinction: for example, they knew that the origin of the earth was an older event than the origin of the first rock and that the first rock was older than were the Rocky Mountains. Likewise, anthropologists could determine that Neanderthal man preceded Cro-Magnon, but still the exact age of these events ... "

Abstract
A paper which explains the beginning of radioactive dating - a process which can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began. The paper explores the progression of this method and its uses today, as well as discusses different methods that are used, other than carbon-12, such as potassium or argon dating.

From the Paper
"Many view radioactivity as the end of the world in the event of a nuclear war. With its astonishing power, radioactivity could perhaps destroy and thus end the world. What many don t know about radioactivity is that is has the potential to tell scientists the age - or the beginning - of the Earth. Quite ironically, radioactivity could very well be responsible for both showing the beginning and the ending of Earth. A process called radiometric dating can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began."

Tags:radiometric, rocks, Becquerel, uranium, isotope

Abstract
Radioactive dating is the process of determining the age of rocks and other specimens from the decay of their radioactive elements. By applying this information, geologists are able to decipher the 4.6-billion-year history of the earth. The paper introduces the history of this type of dating in chronological order. It discusses other issues related to radioactive dating such as Carbon-14 dating, fission track dating, Potassium Argon Dating, the Rubidium-Strontium method, lead-alpha age and debated ideas of radioactive dating.

From the Paper
"Cosmic rays from the sun strike nitrogen 14 atoms in the earth's atmosphere and cause nitrogen atoms to lose a proton making it a carbon isotope this then turns into radioactive carbon 14, which combines with oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide. All living things are in equilibrium with the atmosphere, and the radioactive carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air and used by green plants. Then the radioactive carbon dioxide gets passed on through the plants into the food chain and the carbon cycle. All living things contain a constant ratio of Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 of about 1 in a trillion. The amount of carbon 14 lost in a species is continually replenished as long as it still takes in food and oxygen. At death, the exchange of carbon 14 ceases and any that is left in the tissues of the organism begins to decay to Nitrogen 14, this is not replenished by any new C-14. The change in the Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 ratio is the basis for dating this dating technique. The half-life is so short (5730 years) that this method can only be used on materials less than 70,000 years old. A lot of archaeological dating uses this method. It is also very useful in attempting to date remnants of the ice ages (Pleistocene epoch.)"

Tags:Marie, Pierre, Curie, Clair, Patterson, U, 235, atom

Abstract
The paper introduces archaeology, and explains that the concept of dating is central to the science of archaeology. Two broad categories of dating, relative and absolute, are introduced, and four major specific types of dating are presented to the reader; stratigraphy, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration dating, and radiocarbon dating. Each of the four methods are discussed in great detail, each with a closing paragraph devoted to the underlying problems with that particular method. For example, the section on stratigraphy begins with a brief history of the method itself, and introduces such concepts as the law of superposition, temporal sequences of data within stratified deposits, context evaluation, and determining age through the relative position of superimposed artifacts. The negatives of stratigraphy are then discussed, and include deformation, overlapping and reverse stratigraphy, and the method is evaluated on the whole. This format is then applied to the other three types of dating discussed. Finally, a concluding paragraph states that although the four types of dating discussed are infinitely valuable to archaeologists all over the world, there are still problems associated with each that need to be accounted for when using them to address the age of fossilized remains and other artifacts.

From the Paper
"Archaeology is the study of past human cultures, and archaeologists must uncover and interpret material remains in order to reconstruct past ways of life. To understand the purposes of these remains, Archaeologists have the task of constructing a chronology of prehistory, using various dating methods. "Without knowing the age of materials, little can be said about the activity that made them part of the site (David L. Webster, Susan Toby Evans & William T. Sanders, 1993: 128)." Dating is defined as the placement in time of events relative to one another or to any established scale of temporal measurement (Jeffrey S. Dean, 1981: 375). Dating methods used by Archaeologist incorporate the scientific method and have the advantages of objectification, application to isolated cultural sequences, and an expanded span of human prehistory for which an absolute chronology can be built (Keith Brannigan, 1974: 100-101). Scientific methods of dating are invaluable for the prehistoric periods and have revolutionized the archaeologists' ideas about the absolute chronology of the prehistoric culture sequence (Brannigan, 1974: 101), yet each of these scientific methods has many difficulties. Dating techniques fall into two categories relative and absolute and include the following: seriation, ceramic dating, potassium argon dating, thermoluminescence dating, archaeomagnetic dating, fission track dating, stratigraphy, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration dating, and radiocarbon dating. This paper will discuss the latter four methods, with an emphasis on the shortcomings of each."

Tags:absolute, age, archaeology, artifacts, chronology, cultures, dating, endrochronology, fossils, history, human, hydration, measurement, obsidian, past, prehistoric, radiocarbon, relative, remains, stratigraphy, temporal, time

Abstract
This paper explores the advantages and the disadvantages of Carbon exchange. The research paper begins with a brief introduction to what carbon exchange is and then proceeds from there to look at the various advantages carbon exchange offers businesses. These include things like the opportunity to become an industry leader in a fast-growing area and the opportunity to increase customer loyalty while simultaneously reaching out to environmentally-friendly consumer.

From the Paper
"The following paper will explore the advantages - and the disadvantages - of Carbon exchange. The research paper will begin with a brief introduction to what carbon exchange is (how it works, at least in theory) and the paper will proceed from there to look at the various advantages carbon exchange offers businesses: things like the opportunity to become an industry leader in a fast-growing area; the opportunity to increase customer loyalty while simultaneously reaching out to environmentally-friendly consumers; the opportunity to attract new investors; the possibility for a wholly new revenue stream to open up; the..."

Tags:carbon, benefits, effects

Abstract
This paper examines aggressive sexual behavior as it occurs in dating situations among young adults. The author presents salient statistics showing how widespread this problem is. The paper further describes the combinations of interactions in which dating violence may happen. The paper discusses dating violence toward boys, as well as girls.

Outline:
Dating Violence and Its Prevalence
Dating and Dating Violence, Sexual in Nature
Men Upset more by Sexual infidelity; Women, by Emotional Infidelity
Young Women at a Greater Risk of Victimization
A Most Fatal Consequence: STDs
But Boys Get Victimized, Too

From the Paper
" There is a difference in the motivation for aggression between the genders. Evolutionary psychology has argued that men are more upset by their partner's sexual infidelity than women are but that women are more upset by their partner's emotional infidelity than are men (Forbes 2005). It identified jealousy as the proximal cause of relationship violence. It would, then, expect men to engage in more frequent and severe relationship violence in response to sexual infidelity than to emotional infidelity. In contract, women would resort to more frequent and severe relationship violence on account of emotional infidelity (Forbes et al)."

Tags:dating, date, rape, sexual, aggression, violence, against, women

Abstract
The following assignment is for a fourth year environmental studies course. The topic of the assignment was carbon dioxide emission control mechanisms. The assignment looks at a proposal by the National Round Table on the environment and the economy. It basically suggested that the a combination of carbon taxes and emission trading will be succesful.

From the Paper
Carbon Dioxide Emission Control Policies Humanity faces a wide range of problems in the modern era including diminishing resources and environmental degradation. Global climate change is potentially the largest problem facing humanity. For example, in Summary for Policymakers of the Synthesis Report of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report it is stated, Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising

Tags:carbon, dioxide, emissions

Abstract
This paper discusses that concerns have been raised about a rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper explains that the issue has been examined using climate models, such as the one called EDGCM based on a 120 year long model run, starting in 1985 with an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper relates that a global climate model such as this allows for a study of climates in the past present and future.

From the Paper
"Such computer-driven models are one of the primary tools now used in climate research. The EDGCM model also serves as a learning tool for students and provides data to the public in a more easily-accessed manner than is true of some other models ("EDGCM: The Project" paras. 1-3)."

Tags:carbon, dioxide, concentrations

Abstract
This paper offers a definition of dating violence and provides examples of incidents of dating violence. The paper also examines evidence concerning the extent of dating violence and looks at suggested ways of coping how to deal with it. Additionally, the paper discusses the underlying motivation of dating violence.

Tags:dating, violence, date, rape, abuse, relationships

Abstract
The paper discusses how nonverbal communication is used, whether consciously or otherwise, by dating couples within their developing relationship and such communication can include touching, facial expressions, and eye contact. The paper shows how escalating a dating relationship to a sexual one not only involves verbal cues, but successful nonverbal communication as well. However, the paper argues that the nature of a relationship must be assessed as well, and can be determined via nonverbal communication cues. The paper then discusses how over sixty heterosexual couples in 1998 completed questionnaires and were videotaped discussing the positive aspects of their dating relationship and it was observed that those who were secure in their relationship were associated with nonverbal closeness, such as "laughing, touching, gazing and smiling during the interaction" (Anders 121). "

From the Paper
"Nonverbal communication is used, whether consciously or otherwise, by dating couples within their developing relationship. Such communication can include touching, facial expressions, and eye contact. Escalating a dating relationship to a sexual one not only involves verbal cues, but successful nonverbal communication as well. However, the nature of a..."

Tags:dating, nonverbal, communication