Abstract
This paper explores the advantages and the disadvantages of Carbon exchange. The research paper begins with a brief introduction to what carbon exchange is and then proceeds from there to look at the various advantages carbon exchange offers businesses. These include things like the opportunity to become an industry leader in a fast-growing area and the opportunity to increase customer loyalty while simultaneously reaching out to environmentally-friendly consumer.

From the Paper
"The following paper will explore the advantages - and the disadvantages - of Carbon exchange. The research paper will begin with a brief introduction to what carbon exchange is (how it works, at least in theory) and the paper will proceed from there to look at the various advantages carbon exchange offers businesses: things like the opportunity to become an industry leader in a fast-growing area; the opportunity to increase customer loyalty while simultaneously reaching out to environmentally-friendly consumers; the opportunity to attract new investors; the possibility for a wholly new revenue stream to open up; the..."

Tags:carbon, benefits, effects

Abstract
The following assignment is for a fourth year environmental studies course. The topic of the assignment was carbon dioxide emission control mechanisms. The assignment looks at a proposal by the National Round Table on the environment and the economy. It basically suggested that the a combination of carbon taxes and emission trading will be succesful.

From the Paper
Carbon Dioxide Emission Control Policies Humanity faces a wide range of problems in the modern era including diminishing resources and environmental degradation. Global climate change is potentially the largest problem facing humanity. For example, in Summary for Policymakers of the Synthesis Report of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report it is stated, Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising

Tags:carbon, dioxide, emissions

Abstract
This paper discusses that concerns have been raised about a rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper explains that the issue has been examined using climate models, such as the one called EDGCM based on a 120 year long model run, starting in 1985 with an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper relates that a global climate model such as this allows for a study of climates in the past present and future.

From the Paper
"Such computer-driven models are one of the primary tools now used in climate research. The EDGCM model also serves as a learning tool for students and provides data to the public in a more easily-accessed manner than is true of some other models ("EDGCM: The Project" paras. 1-3)."

Tags:carbon, dioxide, concentrations

Abstract
This paper explains that numerous factors account for variations of global patterns of carbon accumulation. The author points out that some of these factors are climate, precipitation, cultivation, degree of irrigation,and altitude. The paper relates that also very significant, especially for tropical and temperate forests, are the measurement standards applied.

From the Paper
"Numerous factors account for variations of global patterns of carbon accumulation. Among those factors are climate, soil texture, soil cultivation, amount of nitrogen in soils, and the interaction of altitude and precipitation. Also very significant especially for tropical and temperate forests are the standards applied; not only do these studies use differing measurements depending on the ecosystem, but variations in measurements must often be used within a single ecosystem because of forest floor diversity (Schlesinger, 1977). One factor is geomorphological and/or hydrological instability in swamp and marsh, especially when edged by tree growth."

Tags:carbon, factors, patterns

Abstract
This paper focuses on the topic of carbon reporting, asserting that the key to reducing greenhouse gases on a global level is the establishment of a uniform reporting system. The paper explains that all nations, including developing countries, are affected by the growing demand for detailed carbon reporting. Companies on a global level are discovering the advantages of reporting their carbon levels, the paper notes, because investors are now beginning to see carbon reporting as a necessary part of corporate assessment; those companies that do not wish to participate in carbon reporting, or that make the information confidential, are immediately targeted as suspicious in the public eye. The paper explores the case study of Live Earth LLC, and concludes that humanity can tackle the greenhouse gas problem with only a few small changes on everyone's part. This paper contains an illustrative table.

Outline:
Executive Summary
Case Study
Guiding Principles of Sustainability
Mitigation in Different Venues
Measuring the Impact
Did It Work?
Key Stakeholders
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"In the case of Live Earth report, these stakeholders included the Live Earth Staff, Artists, Concessions operators, other contractors, the audience, and broadcasters. The most important activity for all of these stakeholders was the collection and monitoring of data necessary for accurate reporting. Live Earth staff had the major portion of responsibility for planning and implementation of reduction activities. Other stakeholders had to carry out the plan devised for the event and make certain that all portions of the plan were carried out. They also had to look at their operations to determine if there were other places where they could reduce their carbon footprint."

Tags:pollution, emission, footprint, accountability, corporate

Abstract
This paper explores the concepts of carbon and ecological neutrality, the ecological footprint and the carbon footprint. The paper first explains how these concepts are measured. The paper then discusses solutions to reduce the levels of carbon emissions while decreasing mankind's overall ecological footprint.

Outline:
Carbon Neutral and the Footprint of Humanity
The Carbon and Ecological Footprint
Solutions to Reduce the Damage to the Environment

From the Paper
"The concept of being carbon neutral means to not damage the environment through Co2 emissions, which may be accomplished in two ways. One is to do absolutely no polluting; however in modern society this is not particularly possible, with the other being to match destruction with reduction, thus balancing things out. This concept however is founded upon the concepts of the footprints made by humanity. The human race is a population of consumers in every sense. All opportunities to utilize something towards progress or profit are capitalized upon. The earth as well as the population is harvested for its value, taking it and placing it upon the open market in the endless pursuit of capital generation. In tandem with this mass consumption is also heavy waste, as not all resources are infinite, and particular ways of life are not geared towards conservation."

Tags:ecological, footprint, fossil, fuels, energy, emissions

Abstract
The paper reveals that the introduction of a green carbon tax in Canada would essentially pay for itself in terms of its budgetary implications. The paper explains that a green carbon tax is nothing more than a fee that corporations pay that is in direct proportion to their carbon emissions or, as it has been alternatively described, a "polluter pay" solution (Keohane). The paper asserts that currently, the Ottawa government is forced to commit budgetary resources to carbon emissions in the form of environmental protection measures, research, and cleanup expenses incurred from environmental damage from carbon emissions.

From the Paper
"The introduction of a green carbon tax in Canada would essentially pay for itself in terms of its budgetary implications. A green carbon tax is nothing more than a fee that corporations pay that is in direct proportion to their carbon emissions or, as it has been alternatively described, a "polluter pay" solution (Keohane). Currently, the Ottawa government is forced to commit budgetary resources to carbon emissions in the form of environmental protection measures, research, and cleanup expenses incurred from environmental damage from carbon emissions. Shifting these budgetary..."

Tags:briefing, notes, policy

Abstract
This paper examines in detail the impact of our lifestyles on the environment, with a focus on how individuals can calculate their personal carbon footprint and impact change on the planet's health. The paper addresses current environmental concerns, such as climate change, and how our greenhouse gases have influenced this phenomenon. The paper continues by showing how individuals can reduce their carbon footprint, and presents these in a detailed list format. Primary and secondary carbon footprints are defined, with options presented as to how to reduce both. The paper concludes by stating that if everyone does their part to reduce their own carbon footprint it will benefit the entire planet in the long run.

From the Paper
"To calculate a personal carbon footprint, you need to know what emissions to include and what to exclude. You use miles traveled, distances, electricity usage, gas usage, kilowatt hours, and type of automobile you drive. These things will give you a good sense of your personal footprint. But in order to get a completely accurate picture you must also include your lifestyle which has an impact on the amount of greenhouse gas you produce. One example that you might take into account would be the amount of greenhouse gas that is released as a result of food production. If you partake in a meat diet the amounts of greenhouse gases are far more than if you are vegetarian."

Tags:emissions, greenhouse gases, primary footprint, fossil fuels

Abstract
This paper attempts to show how, by analyzing greenhouse gas uptake via measuring the trunks of different ages of tree stands, an estimate of carbon content can be derived. It looks at how the amount of carbon dioxide present helps to determine the success of the regeneration of deforested areas and the effects of mitigating global warming. It tests the difference in carbon accumulation in different age stands of trees to see which is most helpful in carbon accumulation and aiding in the fight against global warming.

Outline
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"The data we collected is vital to the reduction of greenhouse gases and necessary decrease of global warming in this day and age. Awareness is key to this situation due to the fact that roughly 25% of annual greenhouse gas emissions from human activities come from the United States (Rubin et al, 1992). By knowing the proper means of reduction of carbon emissions, one can contribute to the conservation of the planet, and live a healthier lifestyle. Maintaining healthy young forests is crucial to reducing the effects of emissions. Carbon uptake is strongest in trees before 50 years of age. Therefore, deforestation and reforestation techniques are important in the window of time after this stage. By clearing out forests and planting new trees, carbon mitigation will increase again over the next period of 50 years."

Tags:ecology, mitigation, reforestation, global, warming

Abstract
This paper explains that the linear sp carbon of Lagow's proposed length and structure is contradicted by the unlikelihood of such a stable, long chain allotrope, granting more validity to Hirsch's argument against the existence of Lagow's carbon allotrope. The author points out that controversy arises because, while they do not directly fit the definition of allotropes, non-molecular allotropes like diamond and graphite will terminate with other elements (so no longer a pure element) to become stable. The paper concludes that future scientific work in this area is required to determine a true carbon sp allotrope of usable stability, if one exists, but at this time, Hirsch's position remains the more plausible basis of allotropic characterization.

From the Paper
"The IUPAC Red Book defines allotropes as "different structural modifications of [an] element," with allotropic transition considered the "transition of a pure element, at a defined temperature and pressure, from one crystal structure to another which contains the same atoms but which has different properties." This definition excludes ozone and oxygen, and does not discuss the classification of carbon allotropes, which can be examined on the basis of the hybridization of their valence orbitals. More modern definitions include the classification of tin where one allotrope is a covalently bonded solid and the other a metal, and differentiate between allotropic molecules, such as dioxygen, infinite covalent solids, like diamond, and infinite, covalently bonded layers with weak intermolecular forces, as seen with graphite. There are also materials that crystallize where the covalent bonding between the elements is unchanged, which are termed polymorphs rather than true allotropes."

Tags:lagow, hirsch, definition, stable, polymorphs