Abstract
This paper explains that, for overweight people and people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the low calorie and low fat diets recommended by the government do not work well and actually worsen the condition. The author points out that low carbohydrate diets, such as the popular "Dr. Atkins Diet", are synonymous with a high-fat and moderate protein regime. The paper relates that, when carbohydrate intake is restricted, the insulin levels decrease and the levels of glucagon increase. The author underscores that the increased fats and oils keep the appetite under control. The author suspects that the mechanism of insulin resistance is not a disease but rather a mechanism of homeostasis used to keep the body's fat to muscle ratio in balance. The paper states that, when the body is out of balance, type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs to correct the epigenetic factors that caused the imbalance.

From the Paper
"Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are now associated with decreased expression of genes that regulate oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. Uncoupling protein 3 (UPC3) is a protein transporter that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle. Studies on UCP3 functions under various physiological conditions have suggested that the function of UCP3 is not limited only to regulation of whole-body energy metabolism but is also involved in regulation of lipids metabolism. Uncoupling proteins act to convert stored fat into thermal energy."

Tags:adkin ketosis thermogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, uncoupling proteins

Abstract
This paper examines the effects of a high fat/low-carbohydrate diet such as Atkins, on body weight and composition. This paper compares such a high fat diet to the effects of a calorie-reduced, fat-restricted diet in an attempt to answer the question of whether weight loss occurs because of a metabolic advantage. Metabolic advantage means that the body begins to use fat as energy due to a lowered carbohydrate intake.

From the Paper
"One possible reason that the subjects in the Pogliaghi and Veicsteinas (1999) study did not appear to benefit from a low-carbohydrate/high fat diet might be that they have not been participating in endurance training. As an individual exercises, the resulting muscle contractions are done using ATP. How the body creates and uses this ATP is dependant upon the amount of the energy sources available, and the intensity and duration of the exercise. In all individuals, even those who are non-obese, glycogen is generally used for ATP and thus, during moderate exercise, the body creates ATP from available glycogen. As the intensity of exercise is increased, oxygen levels in the body decrease, which makes the creation of ATP difficult. The body, at this point, will begin to burn fat to substitute for this lack of ability. Since prolonged endurance training has the affect of conditioning the muscles to "crossover" to burn glycogen after longer time duration, trained individuals will burn more fat and less glycogen than untrained individuals will. This might explain why the study done by Pogliaghi and Veicsteinas (1999) yielded such results as it did, since the individuals in the study were not trained athletes."

Tags:calories, diet, carbohydrate, hunger, Holt, meals

Abstract
The paper discusses evidence for and against the Atkins diet, which calls for a reduction in carbohydrate intake. The paper discusses the recommendations on carbohydrates by the government and the medical establishment and evidence offered by critics of the Atkins approach, including concerns on the part of some doctors that the diet may be dangerous.

From the Paper
"The Atkins diet has been the subject of considerable controversy as it has become popular, leading to concerns on the part of some doctors that the diet may be dangerous. This diet is a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet, promising weight loss from a change in dietary habits in terms of reducing the consumption of carbohydrates and increasing the consumption of protein rather than by simply reducing intake. In this way, the diet promises that dieters will lose weight without going hungry. The Atkins diet was developed by Dr. Atkins in 1972."

Tags:atkins, diet, carbohydrates

Abstract
This paper attempts to explore the proper timing of amino acids and carbohydrates in regard to protein synthesis. It does this by examining the causes of catabolism and what happens during this process, by looking at the building blocks and the types of proteins involved in the process and by studying the function of insulin and how it functions in relation to the intake of carbohydrates.

From the Paper
"The field of Biochemistry which "studies the structure, synthesis and degradation of large molecules found in living cells, their metabolic regulation, and their expression (Spencer, 1997)" is known as molecular biology. These large molecules, or macromolecules, include DNA, RNA, proteins and carbohydrates, and their complexes."

Tags:catabolism, insulin, molecular, biology, RNA, synthesis, protein, consumption

Abstract
This comparison of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) needs of an amateur marathon runner and a "normal" non-athlete or sedentary person illustrates the difference in the quantities of nutrients each need to maintain a healthy and well functioning body. It also shows the consequence of continued consumption of such a diet to the marathon runner if the athlete becomes a non-athlete.

From the Paper
"Once established, the calorie requirement per day will illustrate the difference in needs between the athlete and non-athlete. The normal sedentary adult requires .40 grams per pound of body weight per day of protein to stay within RDA guidelines. The adult competitive athlete requires .90 grams per pound of body weight per day, more than twice the number of the non-athlete. (Parsons, 2003)"

Tags:ATP, carbohydrates, BMR

Abstract
This paper explores the need for safe weight loss and healthy eating as opposed to the fad diets often featured on television, in newspapers and in magazines. It compares and contrasts two different weight-loss strategies with two different approaches to reducing diets -the diet plans devised by Dr Robert Atkins, which focus on reducing carbohydrate intake and the programs devised by diet gurus such as Dr Dean Ornish in the USA and Rosemary Conley in the UK, which focus on an ultra-low fat intake as the best way to lose weight. It examines the evidence for and against these approaches to reduction dieting as opposed to the myriad of fad diets available such as diet pills and drinks.

From the Paper
"The diet industry globally makes millions of dollars each year. Brands such as Slim-Fast, Slimmers World and Weight Watchers are household names throughout the world and a new diet craze surfaces every few months, helped along by media coverage and the cult of celebrity as A-list stars and lesser mortals in the public eye rush to promote themselves as perfect beings with lifestyles worth emulating. The latest figures published by the US government show a rising incidence of weight problems in the USA with 31 per cent of adults now classed as obese, along with almost 15 per cent of those aged between six and 19, plus 10 per cent of preschool children."

Tags:obesity, healthcare, system, dietary, regimes, body, mass, index

Abstract
This paper evaluates the Atkins diet and whether or not it really works over the long-term. The author discusses the dangers of high protein, high fat diets, and the dangers of low carbohydrate intake. The paper reports that, of the people who have lost weight and kept it off, few of these used the Atkins diet.

From the Paper
"Cutting carbohydrates out of the diet completely or cutting down on them very severely does not make sense scientifically and is not necessary to those wishing to lose weight and eat a healthy diet. The Atkins diet is a high protein high fat diet with very low carbohydrate intake.. It has been shown to work for weight loss over the short-term but there are doubts about its ability to work over the long-term. There are also doubts about the credibility of any diet that ..."

Tags:glycemic load, glucagon

Abstract
The paper points out that for serious athletes and weight trainers, the subject of nutrition is vital to health and success. The paper explores the subject of sports nutrition and daily intake in relation to body mass and muscle growth. More specifically, the topics of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients are covered in terms of the various food groups including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as vitamins and minerals.

From the Paper
"For serious athletes and weight trainers, the subject of nutrition is vital to health and success. The following discussion explores the subject of sports nutrition and daily intake in relation to body mass and muscle growth. More specifically, the topics of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients are covered in terms of the various food groups including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as vitamins and minerals."

Tags:fitness, body building, lipids

From the Paper
"There have been many researchers who have indicated that nutritional practices among the elderly both affect the aging process and are, in turn, affected by same. ... reports that nutrition may interact with the aging process in three important ways. Foremost is that most tissue functions tend to decrease during adult life, with nutrition and other intervening variables tending to somewhat ameliorate this age-related loss of tissue substance and function. Second, the frequency of many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer, increases with advancing age and evidences the highest frequency for those aged individuals falling between 50 and 90."

Tags:

Abstract
This paper examines the pros and cons of the Atkins diet, based on the controversial idea of the intake of a high protein and high fat diet with the reduction in the intake of carbohydrates. The paper explores the marketing strategies of this diet as they are employed in the United States and Europe.

Outline
I. Background on Atkins Diet
II. When was Atkins Introduced into USA
III. How is the US Market doing in terms of Sales this Year
IV. Global Introduction:
V. Marketing and Advertising Strategies
VI. Where is Atkins headed?
VII. Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Atkins was born in Columbus, in the state of Ohio in the year 1930. After having joined the University of Michigan, he graduated with a Major in Pre-meds, after which Atkins received his Medical Degree in the year 1955 from the Cornell University Medical School. By the year 1959, he had finished his residencies at both Rochester and Columbia Universities, and also at St. Luke's Hospital at New York. Equipped with the experiences gained from the residencies, Dr. Atkins was able to start his private practice at New York City in the year 1960. It was in the year 1963 that he began to conduct a lot of research and also formalize his findings on the subject of 'controlled carbohydrate intake', as based on a series of articles that appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association. However, it was not until the year 1972 that the very first edition of the revolutionary book, 'Dr. Atkins Diet Revolution' was published, which was followed by Dr. Atkins findings on the effects of the destabilizing effects of Diabetes or Blood Sugar published in the book 'Dr. Atkins' Super Energy Diet' in the year 1977. (From Past to Present)"

Tags:carbohydrates, protein, fat