Abstract
This is a nursing proposal suggesting what nurses can do to reduce risk while strongly advocating caps on malpractice awards. The current legislature on malpractice caps and the level of reduced care to patients is discussed. The patients' own inability to afford service, the affordability to practice by physicians and their need to increase patients' costs for services by ordering many more than medically necessary are all covered.

From the Paper
"There is a vicious cycle taking place in the world of healthcare that involves patients, attorneys, physicians and healthcare professionals and facilities and insurance companies. Medical malpractice premium rates are forcing doctors and nurse practitioners to order medically unnecessary tests and pad bills or fold their practices. According to the Center for Legal Policy (as cited by Stableford, 2005) "unnecessary medical tests and constant referrals to specialists for second and third opinions costs an unnecessary $60 billion to $100 billion." Law suits continue to climb at an alarming rate with unconscionable awards that are not consistent with something that can be measured tangibly. Attorneys play on the sympathy of juries for neurological deformities of infants that could have naturally occurred genetically, not necessarily as a result of medical error, yet huge awards for punitive damages are awarded."

Tags:malpractice, cap, nursing

Abstract
This paper explains that the main reason why caps should exist on malpractice suit is the cost of malpractice insurance for doctors, which has forced many doctors to stop practicing medicine. The author points out that placing caps on malpractice awards might shield negligent doctors from being held accountable for their mistakes and might prevent patients from getting the monetary awards that match the economic and traumatic impact of the injuries they have incurred. The paper states that the solution to this issue is to place caps on malpractice awards; however, in extreme cases where negligence is apparent and the impact of such negligence is irrevocable, there must be exceptions to such caps.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Why Caps on Malpractice Awards
Why No Caps on Malpractice Awards
Discussion and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The problems associated with malpractice awards came to the forefront in 2002 when a group of 60 specialists at the University Medical Center in Las Vegas refused to work because of the high cost of malpractice insurance. Their actions caused the hospitals emergency room to shut down. This gave Nevada and the nation a glimpse of the public health crisis that could ensue if caps are not placed on Malpractice Awards. In the case of Las Vegas, legislatures came together and placed a $350,000 cap on the amount of money that a patient could receive as a non economic award in a malpractice case. However, lawmakers did attach to exceptions to the bill including "one involving cases where there is "gross malpractice". The other where there is "clear and convincing" evidence that an award should exceed the $350,000 cap."

Tags:cost, specialists, accountable, irrevocable, premiums

Abstract
This research paper explores the reasons why Congress imposed in 1997 caps on reimbursement under the Medicare program of charges for various types of outpatient rehabilitation services, the specific content of such caps, proposals for removing such caps and the rationales therefor.

From the Paper
"MEDICARE CAP ON REHABILITATION SERVICES

This research paper explores the reasons why Congress imposed in 1997 caps on reimbursement under the Medicare program of charges for various types of outpatient rehabilitation services, the specific content of such caps, proposals for removing such caps and the rationales therefor.

Caps Imposed by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997
Under Part B of the Medicare program, full reimbursement was available, subject to a 20 percent coinsurance payment by the beneficiary and a $100 annual deductible, for rehabilitation services provided to eligible patients on an outpatient patient by qualified medical service providers. To be eligible for home health care generally under Medicare, the beneficiary would have to show that they were homebound and needed intermittent care."

Abstract
This paper examines the reasons for current H1B visa caps, citing it as caused by unfounded xenophobia and arguing that this policy be reformed. The paper takes an approach open to immigration to the US, noting the contributions of immigrants to American innovation and success. The purpose of the H1B visa is described and the paper shows that limiting the potential number of immigrants on this visa would take the best and brightest to other nations, therefore losing talent to the competition of the global marketplace. According to the paper, the cap is meant to curb the flow of specialized immigrants into the United States as to protect American jobs. It is also pointed out how several major U.S. employers are now advocating a huge increase in the number of individuals allowed entry into the United States under the immigration cap. The paper concludes by stating that borrowing innovation from other areas of the globe will help ensure America's persistent success in both business and scholarly endeavors.

From the Paper
"However beneficial these immigrants might be to the American workplace, there has been a cap placed on the number of immigrants granted H1B visas. Currently, the U.S. gives 65,000 H1b visas to immigrants annually. This number is then augmented with an additional 20,000 international students that hold a MBA or higher degree from an accredited American university. The cap is meant to curb the flow of specialized immigrants into the United States as to protect American jobs from being completely flooded with H1B holders, while still reaping the benefits of recruiting international minds to help build American business within their specialized fields."

Tags:hi-tech, work visas, immigrants, MBA

Abstract
This paper explores the use of salary caps in respect to professional athletes in order to demonstrate their effectiveness.

Abstract
This paper makes an argument that executive compensation for CEOs of U.S. firms should be capped. The argument is made from the perspective of the supply and demand model in economics.

From the Paper
"Despite enormous greed among top CEOs in corporate America being a part of Wall Street's economic collapse, excessive executive compensation continues to be the norm at many companies. As Uwe Reinhardt notes, "With very few exceptions, economists defend current executive compensation in the U.S. with an appeal to supply and demand. The appeal goes that corporations could not attract the best and brightest talent without offering enormous compensation packages. This analysis will argue that even from a supply and demand perspective..."

Tags:greed, maximization of wealth, market capitalization, talent, Obama, economy

Abstract
This paper examines large cap stocks. It defines large cap companies and discusses which types of companies are generally considered to be large cap. The paper then looks at investment in large caps stocks, especially at making such stock purchases through a mutual fund investment vehicle and how mutual funds can be classified.

From the Paper
"Many of these same investors will be making such stock purchases through a mutual fund investment vehicle. A mutual fund is managed in much the same manner as an individual portfolio. The one key difference is that there are a lot of investors putting their money into a mutual fund. The mutual fund's manager is bound to follow the investment path that would most likely be successful in reaching the mutual fund's goal or objective. Since there are a variety of investors seeking to invest varying dollar amounts, each fund must state explicitly what it is attempting to achieve."

Tags:investment, portfolio, return

From the Paper
" Until the World Series was sacrificed in 1994, it was easy to ignore the issue of salary caps in sports. Then the National Hockey League season was put on hold and remains in peril. The National Basketball Association began rumors of canceling their season if the players refused to accept salary caps. The one sport that seemed to demonstrate the merit of salary caps, the National Football League, also became newsworthy when prime players started losing their jobs and many others took dramatic cuts in their salaries. Suddenly, salary caps are an integral aspect of professional sports that affect the economics of sports teams and raise emotions between owners, managers, players and fans.

This research examines the economic impact of salary caps in sports and explores some of the arguments for and against.."

Abstract
This paper analyzes a study by Eric Pick called "The Economic Effects of a Salary Cap on a Professional Sports League" that attempts to develop and apply an econometric model to the issue. The study is based on a model that is limited, so the most that could emerge from it is a potentially useful formula to be applied on a broader scale than the two team universe addressed by the author and that may or may not be applicable to a variety of different types of sports leagues.

From the Paper
"The study by Eric Pick entitled "The Economic Effects of a Salary Cap on a Professional Sports League" is an attempt to develop and apply an econometric model to the subject at hand. The study is based on a model that is limited, so the most that could emerge from it is a potentially useful formula to be applied on a broader scale than the two team universe addressed by the author and that may or may not be applicable to a variety of different types of sports leagues. The same basic issues do apply to different types of sports leagues, and efforts to apply a salary cap have been part of major sports leagues for some time. In 1994, a threatened basketball strike led to an agreement that involved salary caps, among other provisions. In that case, as an end to the players' union was threatened, the players... "

Tags:salary, cap, sports

Abstract
In 1993, New Jersey became the first state to introduce the so-called Family Cap in state welfare policy, under which the state no longer awards cash assistance payments to women who have more children while on welfare. Since 1993, twenty-two other states have enacted similar laws. In January of 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) acted on behalf of New Jersey welfare recipients by taking the Family Cap provision to the State Supreme Court, arguing that it violated the Constitution of New Jersey. However, the Supreme Court of New Jersey upheld the original Family Cap decision, claiming it did not violate any existing constitutional laws in the state. This paper argues that the Family Cap, designed to penalize unwise family planning, results in unethical and discriminatory practices. The paper proposes a repeal of the Family Cap and a reformation of the New Jersey welfare policies.

From the Paper
"Although some studies suggest that birth rates have declined due to the Family Cap, a closer examination of the research shows that birth rates declined universally before the Cap was instated (Donovan; Levin-Epstein). In fact, the Rutgers studies outlined by Levin-Epstein do not exhibit any clear positive results stemming from the instatement of the Family Cap. Furthermore, those in favor of the Cap imagine that it will help welfare recipients become more financially independent by decreasing their reliance on government assistance. However, the Cap only hurts children born to poor mothers and is therefore unethical and discriminatory."

Tags:welfare, TANF, low, income