Abstract This is a nursing proposal suggesting what nurses can do to reduce risk while strongly advocating caps on malpractice awards. The current legislature on malpractice caps and the level of reduced care to patients is discussed. The patients' own inability to afford service, the affordability to practice by physicians and their need to increase patients' costs for services by ordering many more than medically necessary are all covered.
From the Paper "There is a vicious cycle taking place in the world of healthcare that involves patients, attorneys, physicians and healthcare professionals and facilities and insurance companies. Medical malpractice premium rates are forcing doctors and nurse practitioners to order medically unnecessary tests and pad bills or fold their practices. According to the Center for Legal Policy (as cited by Stableford, 2005) "unnecessary medical tests and constant referrals to specialists for second and third opinions costs an unnecessary $60 billion to $100 billion." Law suits continue to climb at an alarming rate with unconscionable awards that are not consistent with something that can be measured tangibly. Attorneys play on the sympathy of juries for neurological deformities of infants that could have naturally occurred genetically, not necessarily as a result of medical error, yet huge awards for punitive damages are awarded."
Abstract This paper analyzes a study by Eric Pick called "The Economic Effects of a Salary Cap on a Professional Sports League" that attempts to develop and apply an econometric model to the issue. The study is based on a model that is limited, so the most that could emerge from it is a potentially useful formula to be applied on a broader scale than the two team universe addressed by the author and that may or may not be applicable to a variety of different types of sports leagues.
From the Paper "The study by Eric Pick entitled "The Economic Effects of a Salary Cap on a Professional Sports League" is an attempt to develop and apply an econometric model to the subject at hand. The study is based on a model that is limited, so the most that could emerge from it is a potentially useful formula to be applied on a broader scale than the two team universe addressed by the author and that may or may not be applicable to a variety of different types of sports leagues. The same basic issues do apply to different types of sports leagues, and efforts to apply a salary cap have been part of major sports leagues for some time. In 1994, a threatened basketball strike led to an agreement that involved salary caps, among other provisions. In that case, as an end to the players' union was threatened, the players... "
Abstract This paper explains that the main reason why caps should exist on malpractice suit is the cost of malpractice insurance for doctors, which has forced many doctors to stop practicing medicine. The author points out that placing caps on malpractice awards might shield negligent doctors from being held accountable for their mistakes and might prevent patients from getting the monetary awards that match the economic and traumatic impact of the injuries they have incurred. The paper states that the solution to this issue is to place caps on malpractice awards; however, in extreme cases where negligence is apparent and the impact of such negligence is irrevocable, there must be exceptions to such caps.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Why Caps on Malpractice Awards
Why No Caps on Malpractice Awards
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper "The problems associated with malpractice awards came to the forefront in 2002 when a group of 60 specialists at the University Medical Center in Las Vegas refused to work because of the high cost of malpractice insurance. Their actions caused the hospitals emergency room to shut down. This gave Nevada and the nation a glimpse of the public health crisis that could ensue if caps are not placed on Malpractice Awards. In the case of Las Vegas, legislatures came together and placed a $350,000 cap on the amount of money that a patient could receive as a non economic award in a malpractice case. However, lawmakers did attach to exceptions to the bill including "one involving cases where there is "gross malpractice". The other where there is "clear and convincing" evidence that an award should exceed the $350,000 cap."
Abstract In 1993, New Jersey became the first state to introduce the so-called Family Cap in state welfare policy, under which the state no longer awards cash assistance payments to women who have more children while on welfare. Since 1993, twenty-two other states have enacted similar laws. In January of 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) acted on behalf of New Jersey welfare recipients by taking the Family Cap provision to the State Supreme Court, arguing that it violated the Constitution of New Jersey. However, the Supreme Court of New Jersey upheld the original Family Cap decision, claiming it did not violate any existing constitutional laws in the state. This paper argues that the Family Cap, designed to penalize unwise family planning, results in unethical and discriminatory practices. The paper proposes a repeal of the Family Cap and a reformation of the New Jersey welfare policies.
From the Paper "Although some studies suggest that birth rates have declined due to the Family Cap, a closer examination of the research shows that birth rates declined universally before the Cap was instated (Donovan; Levin-Epstein). In fact, the Rutgers studies outlined by Levin-Epstein do not exhibit any clear positive results stemming from the instatement of the Family Cap. Furthermore, those in favor of the Cap imagine that it will help welfare recipients become more financially independent by decreasing their reliance on government assistance. However, the Cap only hurts children born to poor mothers and is therefore unethical and discriminatory."
Abstract This paper examines large cap stocks. It defines large cap companies and discusses which types of companies are generally considered to be large cap. The paper then looks at investment in large caps stocks, especially at making such stock purchases through a mutual fund investment vehicle and how mutual funds can be classified.
From the Paper "Many of these same investors will be making such stock purchases through a mutual fund investment vehicle. A mutual fund is managed in much the same manner as an individual portfolio. The one key difference is that there are a lot of investors putting their money into a mutual fund. The mutual fund's manager is bound to follow the investment path that would most likely be successful in reaching the mutual fund's goal or objective. Since there are a variety of investors seeking to invest varying dollar amounts, each fund must state explicitly what it is attempting to achieve."
Abstract This research paper explores the reasons why Congress imposed in 1997 caps on reimbursement under the Medicare program of charges for various types of outpatient rehabilitation services, the specific content of such caps, proposals for removing such caps and the rationales therefor.
From the Paper "MEDICARE CAP ON REHABILITATION SERVICES
This research paper explores the reasons why Congress imposed in 1997 caps on reimbursement under the Medicare program of charges for various types of outpatient rehabilitation services, the specific content of such caps, proposals for removing such caps and the rationales therefor.
Caps Imposed by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997
Under Part B of the Medicare program, full reimbursement was available, subject to a 20 percent coinsurance payment by the beneficiary and a $100 annual deductible, for rehabilitation services provided to eligible patients on an outpatient patient by qualified medical service providers. To be eligible for home health care generally under Medicare, the beneficiary would have to show that they were homebound and needed intermittent care."
Abstract This paper presents an argument against capping medical malpractice awards. The paper discusses several reasons why capping awards should not be adopted as public policy, contending that capping limits injured patients' access to justice.
From the Paper "Capping medical-malpractice awards should not be adopted as public policy. It would be grossly inappropriate for several reasons. The much-discussed crisis in medical care that doctors and insurers attribute to malpractice litigation is misdirected and can be traced to other causes. The idea that malpractice awards are out of control and are increasing all the time is simply wrong and cannot be sustained by the facts which suggests that attempts to cap award amounts for punitive damages are being made in bad
Abstract This paper is an argumentative essay about the need for salary caps in Major league Baseball. The paper argues that salary caps are necessary in order survive as a profitable sport.
From the Paper "There is obviously a problem in Major league Baseball and it needs to be fixed before the league goes belly up. While this sounds preposterous it is quite possible. In my mind the best solution would be a salary cap and revenue sharing. As a Padres fan I grow tired of seeing them place last or second to in the NL West. While I will still support them I won?t be attending as many games (especially while in Iowa). Because of this they will lose money in ticket sales, with the effects of that trickling all the way down to revenue for broadcasting, leaving them in a financially precarious position. This is in danger of happening to many teams. Fans are going are growing tired and vexed at seeing their teams go nowhere in the post-season. Three competitive teams are not enough to keep a profitable fan base and more importantly profitable revenue."
Abstract This paper is written as a reflection on "Jung's Fairy Tale Interpretation and Little Red Cap". Mario Jacoby's paper on C.G. Jung and the interpretation of fairy tales stresses that both Freud and Jung, early on, explored fairy tales as part of their study, with Jung noting how human fantasy as found in fairy tales was a reflection of human creative potential.
Abstract This paper examines how like many companies in the garment industry, New Era's products have commonly been suspected of being manufactured in sweatshops in poor Asian countries. The two countries involved with New Era Cap are Bangladesh and China, countries where many other products are made for American businesses. The paper examines how the conditions of workers are very harsh and looks at how conditions could be improved.
From the Paper "Pro Sports Limited is an alleged sweatshop in which New Era Cap has some of its products produced. It is an employer of more than 700 women in the capital of the nation, Dhaka, and is managed by Motawakkel Billah (Role of U.S, 2001). Harsh does not sufficiently describe the conditions that women must work under. The workers who sew not only New Era's hats but also those of nationally recognized Universities'; work typically 68.5 - 70.5 hour workweeks. This includes forced overtime in a hot, overcrowded and oppressive setting. They have to ask for permission to use the bathroom and talking is prohibited (Role of U.S). Not only are the workers forced to work in such an environment for extended hours but also they commonly get cheated for the proper pay. "
Abstract The paper outlines the history of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) program that brings the police, community and other city agencies together in proactively dealing with neighborhood crime problems. The paper discusses how it was graded in four areas; public involvement, agency partnerships, reorganization and problem-solving, and has been deemed a success in some aspects and in need of improvement in other areas. The paper looks at other popular community policing initiatives and relates that CAPS is the most scrutinized community policing program in the world.
Outline:
Introduction
History of CAPS What is CAPS?
Is the CAPS Program Successful?
Observations of CAPS Program
Alternative Policy Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy was developed by Police Superintendent Matt Rodriguez as a program specific to the City of Chicago. The program was implemented in 1993 in five of the 25 police districts. Those districts were the Englewood district, Marquette, Austin, Morgan Park, and Rogers Park. The reason these districts were chosen as the prototypes were because of the diverse make-ups of the neighborhoods. Therefore, they were viewed as a testing laboratory for the program's improvements prior to it being launched citywide. The program was launched in the remaining 20 districts in 1994. The original five districts still serve as the testing laboratory for new ideas and initiatives."
Abstract This paper reveals some of the normative standards for employee benefits through CAPs and profit sharing methods, proven by expert financial planners. The author points out that, in developing portfolios for mutual funds, segregated funds and pension plans, which look at long term investment as a solution for retirement, there is a greater focus on market competitiveness in relation to accumulating a slower, yet more conservative development of investment growth for employees. The paper relates that these approaches are the formats for CAPs and profit sharing plans, which are normative in developing employee benefits within corporate Canadian financial planning systems.
From the Paper "This financial study examines the Canadian employee benefits that reside within normative regulations for profit sharing and Capital Accumulation Plans (CAP). By reveling how employees can participate in stock shares, financial retirement planning and savings plans, one can divulge the way these benefits are implemented in Canada in current corporate structures. The use of CAPs to help employees within corporate financial policy has been a rising source of benefits in recent times. The use of investments to help build a stock portfolio within benefit plans is the main source of many accumulative' plans to build a future for a particular employee."
Abstract This paper discusses the European Union's recent reiteration of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It discusses the reforms that are currently underway to help reframe the CAP model and promote equitable trade within European agricultural partnerships. The paper also looks at the criticism of these initiative by policymakers and economists and describes the rationale that makes the initiatives necessary.
From the Paper "Efficient and equitable functioning under the CAP was not possible under the conditions that existed prior to the reform processes that took place in 2004 and 2005. The outlay of expenses was simply not compensated for in positive economic developments; moreover, social justice, which was a mainstay of the CAP as a means of improving the quality of life for rural and agrarian communities, does not appear to have been met. Salvatici's (2001) "liberalization" model also indicates failure to improve quality of life for the majority of persons, suggesting that abandonment of the CAP is equally as unfeasible as allowing it to maintain its current course of action."
Abstract The paper examines GE's Work-Out program that incorporated the Six Sigma initiative and discusses the basic elements of teamwork and cross-functional projects, where the organizational team effort is essential to the success of the enterprise. The paper also discusses GE's Change Acceleration Process (CAP), that promotes teamwork and joint decision-making. The paper relates that in GE, it is the combination of these Work-Out, Six Sigma and CAP programs that have worked so well and have allowed GE to become a role model for many corporations and nonprofits in business success.
From the Paper "In the mid-1980s, Motorola developed Six Sigma when the company noted its final product tests had not predicted the high level of system failure rates and recognized that this could be caused by the increasing level of system complexity and the resulting high number of opportunities for failure. Motorola understood it needed to require a higher level of internal quality and set Six Sigma as a quality goal, as measured by mean time to failure, and quality, as measured by process variability and defect rates (Bertel, 2003, pg. 2). Motorola won the first Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in 1989, and the company shared the details of its Six Sigma framework widely. About a decade later, under the leadership of Jack Welch, GE started a Work-Out program that incorporated the Six Sigma initiative, as well as other processes. Since then, GE has become a role model for many corporations and nonprofits in business success."
Abstract The paper explains that now that professional sports have entered the 21st century, it is crucial that Major League Baseball institutes revenue sharing and a salary cap to maintain the competition between large and small market franchises. It maintains that with a dozen struggling, small-market ball clubs, constant discussion about contracting teams, and individual salaries skyrocketing over the payrolls of entire teams, the time has come where the owners and players must agree on something for the betterment of the game's future. The paper shows however that with continuous disagreements between the owners and player's union, and the threat of another strike, the negative effects may outweigh the positive.
From the Paper "The Major League Baseball Player's Association is the strongest union in professional sports. The players would most likely strike if a salary cap was presented to them because most of the league's athletes would be faced with a reduction in salary (Smizik). It is believed that another strike would cause Major League Baseball to lose millions of dollars and possibly fan support. ?It would take a long and bitter work stoppage for the players to accept a salary cap and it would simply not be worth it,? says Smizik. Smizik believes a salary cap would help baseball's economic future, but is opposed because of the costs it will take to institute it. Baseball had a difficult time regaining fan support after the 1994 strike, and a second may be even more difficult to overcome (Smizik). However, true baseball fans will realize that the strike was necessary for the league's economic future, and will still support the game."
