Abstract This paper provides a literature review on the subject of asthma in racial and ethnicminorities. The review focuses on the risk factors that contribute to greater asthma prevalence and poorer asthma control and treatment in racial and ethnicminorities.
Outline:
Introduction
Asthma Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality
Factors Contributing to a Higher Prevalence of Asthma in Minorities Disparities in Asthma Control and Treatment
Conclusions
From the Paper "Minorities, the poor, adult women, and children under the age of 18 are disproportionately affected by asthma (ALA, 2007a). According to the Kaiser Family Foundation (2007) African American children had a 17% prevalence of asthma, compared to 12% in Non-Hispanic Whites, 10% in Hispanics, 10% in Native Americans, and 6% in Asians. In adults however, Native Americans had the highest rates of asthma, with a 16% prevalence compared to 11% in African Americans, 10% in Whites, 8% in Asians, and 8% in Hispanics. Puerto Rican adults had a higher prevalence of asthma than most races, with an 11.6% prevalence (CDC, 2004). This fact is masked by the lower rates of asthma in other Hispanic subgroups.
Regardless of age, African Americans were more likely to be hospitalized and to die because of asthma complications compared to all other races, even when taking into account the higher prevalence rates of asthma in this group. Compared to Whites, African American children were 4-5 times more likely to be hospitalized due to asthma, while African American adults were 3-4 times more likely to be hospitalized, and they were also five times more likely to use the emergency department (ED) to seek asthma care (KFF, 2007). African Americans were disproportionately represented in deaths due to asthma even when socioeconomic status was accounted for --they represent only 12.1% of the population, but they account for 25% of all asthma deaths (ALA, 2007a)."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that as the United Kingdom becomes racially and ethnically more diverse, it becomes evermore important for organizations to consider minority segments in their marketing strategies. The writer discusses that McDonald's has realized the value of this growing market segment, and, as such, has employed specific ethnicminority marketing strategies, to garner these valuable consumers. This paper overviews ethnicminority marketing and its importance and then follows with an in-depth analysis of McDonald's ethnicminority marketing strategy. The writer concludes that culturally sensitive marketing not only allows the ethnic consumer to understand that McDonald's desires them as a customer, but also builds trust in the organization that they understand the ethnic consumer's unique needs and desires.
From the Paper "The organization must first start with thoroughly evaluating how important these segments are to their profitability and future market share. Once this is determined, the organization must value the ethnic minority segment enough to learn about their: culture, needs, attitudes, activities, lifestyles, and even heroes. Effective ethnic minority marketing begins with garnering this segment's trust, with personalized marketing approaches.
"This trust is irreplaceable, especially as a survey of multicultural marketing found that most ethnic minorities were concerned about marketers' motives and methods. It was also discovered in this survey that half of respondents indicated that the marketing campaigns currently out there had no relevance for them."
Abstract Parental involvement in education has been demonstrated to have a very positive effect on the social, emotional, and intellectual progress of disadvantaged and ethnicminority school children ? notably, the children of Hispanic ethnicity. This paper shows that, as a result, many educational professionals and community leaders encourage greater parental participation in school programs and in their children's day-to-day educational process. The paper discusses the problems of ethnicminority / Hispanic students who are unique in many ways. It shows that the Hispanic child may be at a competitive disadvantage in school because of language differences, attendance inconsistencies (transportation issues), school programs? placement, racism, low expectations on the part of teachers, conflicting values between the home culture and school and inherent social barriers.
From the Paper "Meanwhile, information about poor educational experiences for Hispanic youth has seemingly become a motivating factor for many schools and citizens who are not satisfied with the educational system as it is. Indeed, when parents (of all ethnic groups) and schools work closely together, those children go farther in school, and the schools they attend are stronger, according to a study (San Diego Office of Education, 1997). This study used data from a nationally diverse sample of 21,814 students and their parents ? data that were used in 66 different studies ? and concluded: "parental involvement has a powerful effect on eighth graders" achievement.? The research shows that parents working closely with teachers helps set up a "curriculum of the home" which has an average effect on achievement that is twice as large as family socioeconomic status. Among the concepts in the survey's curriculum of the home are: parent-child conversations about everyday events, discussion of leisure reading, ?joint analysis of televiewing,? expressions of affection, and interest in children's academic and personal growth."
Abstract The paper provides an analysis and evaluation of the role ethnic affairs played in Vietnamese governments from 1975 to 2000 as these years are significant because they represent a time where the Vietnamese government moved from supporting greater autonomy among minorities, to adopting policies that supported a unified state. The paper states that ethnicminorities and nationalities were encouraged to practice their unique cultural and traditional ideologies provided those ideologies did not conflict with the government's unified front.
Outline:
Introduction
Policy Toward Minorities 1975-2000 Overview
Strengths/Weaknesses
Good and Bad Policy Changes
Further Analysis and Overview
Conclusions
From the Paper "The years between 1975 through 2000 are significant, in that it was during this time the Vietnam Communist Party established the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) (Mackerras, 2005, p. 85). During the first few years under the rule of the VCP, much conflict and unease existed with regard to ethnic affairs and policy making. Many foreign countries saw Vietnam as hostile during this time, in part due to the VCP's invasion of neighboring countries including Cambodia (Mackerras, 2005). However, during the 1990s formal relationships were restored between Vietnam and the U.S., during a time where Vietnam experienced rapid economic growth; it is important one note that it is also during this time the Vietnamese worked to restore stronger relationships with the Chinese minority groups living in the country. Such dramatic changes have led to positive changes in Vietnam, as we will discuss more throughout this analysis."
Abstract This paper addresses the lack of positive role models of various ethnicminorities in both the film and television industries. While the writer of this paper notes that there are more African-Americans working in TV news as it seems to be one field where color and race have made a far greater impact in hiring practices, there is still much work to be done in the positive portrayal of different ethnicities in both film and TV. This paper also explores the careers of past and present professionals who have made great strides in promoting themselves as positive ethnic role models.
Topics covered in this report include:
Introduction
Hispanics
African-Americans
Asians
Native Americans
Summary and Conclusion
Works Referenced
From the Paper "This brings up the issue of whether the portrayals of African-Americans in films and on TV should only be handled by black directors and writers. It seems that there is a vast difference of opinion, with some citing the old Cosby Show as one preaching family values to every ethnic group, while the comedies "What's Happening?" and" Good Times" became the precursors of the black comedies on WB and Fox networks today. Some critics feel the new shows, and such programs as the "Wayans Brothers" and the "Martin Lawrence Show" are basically anti-white humor, just as stereotypical in their way as the old Step'n'Fetchit anti-black humor was in the Thirties and Forties."
Tags: media, communication, racism, minority, perception, film, television
Abstract The paper relates that the English and the Scots formed the first great waves of immigration into the United States and discusses how the Scots faced segregation and ethnic discrimination as an ethnic group, until they managed to become politically influential and financially successful. The paper then reveals that the Scots eventually established their supremacy over the other racial or ethnicminorities that has allowed many forms of intolerance and overt discrimination to exist at the root of the social system. The writer posits that each individual should feel part of the large multicultural group rather than be isolated according to racial or ethnic criteria.
From the Paper "The United States was originally formed of immigrants that came to the new-found continent and settled along the coast. Immigration is still an overwhelming force today in America, which has become the land with the most widespread multiculturalism.
"My own ancestors came from Scotland around the 1770's. Initially, upon their first arrival on the continent many of the Scots were subject to both prejudice and discrimination by the groups of British that had taken control in some parts of the land. Coming from a poor country, the Scots faced exclusion from trading between colonies."
Abstract This paper attempts to demonstrate that minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the U.S. criminal justice system. The paper cites statistics showing that, while all minorities are afforded less than fair treatment by the criminal justice system, African-Americans seem to be particularly vulnerable to sentences involving capital punishment. The paper further asserts that African-Americans suffer from political, social, psychological and economic exploitation at the hands of powerful whites in this country and, as a result, black people generally are purposefully put into situations where the commission of criminal acts are seen as the most effective solution to their problems. The paper concludes that the problem will only end once white people honestly recognize the racism that exists within the U.S. on all levels of society and end it.
Table of Contents
Race, Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
Drug Policies and Racial Disparities
From the Paper "In 1996, six in 10 jail inmates were racial or ethnic minorities -- 41 percent were African American, 18 percent were Hispanic and 3 percent Asian or Alaska Native, according to the Department of Justice. The Sentencing Project, a Washington-based think tank, reported in 1995 that 32.2 percent of all African Americans men between the age of 20 and 29 are under criminal justice supervision on any given day -- in prison or jail, on probation or parole. Even more unsettling, nationally blacks are incarcerated at a rate of 7.66 times greater than whites. This paper shall demonstrate how minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the US criminal justice system."
Abstract The paper discusses the subject of cultural universals pertaining to a distinct set of characteristics shared by all groups of people throughout the course of history, highlighting the Hmong people. The paper notes that cultural universals are studied in earnest by anthropologists and sociologists because these give them a glimpse into a certain society or culture's way of life, why certain ethnic groups, work and interact the way that they do. The paper highlights that studies of cultural universals also help in distinguishing certain races or ethnic groups from one another. The paper discusses the ten cultural universals which are defined and applied to the study of the Hmong people.
Outline:
A. Geography
Family Life and Kinship
Economics
Food, Clothing and Shelter
Language
Education
Religion
Social Organization
Aesthetic Values
Recreation
Reasoning
Verbal Messages
Interpersonal Relation
Social Roles
Social Organization
From the Paper "Traditional Hmong diet includes rice, chicken, fish, green vegetables, noodles and soup. Hmong clothing depends on their geographical location. The Hmong Leeg, a Hmong group who had migrated to South East Asia, wear dresses and leggings for women and baggy pants for men. The women's dresses are usually striped while the man adorn their pants with amulets on their wrists, waist, ankles and necks. The Hmong today have adapted their mode of shelter to their geographical location as well. The Hmong in the United States for example, live in modern houses in suburban neighborhoods."
Tags: sociologists, anthropologists, a, legitimate, ethnic, minority, animism, shamanism
Abstract This paper discusses the issue of inclusive and multicultural schools, and examines to what extent parental choice has contributed to the educational segregation of ethnicminority children in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Abstract This paper examines how the use of the crime news script by local news media to achieve higher audience ratings has led to a greater division between races. The writer provides a detailed analysis of three studies in this field. The first was carried out to identify the relationship between crime reports and public opinion, the second attempted to determine if residential proximity to African Americans alleviates the impact of crime news that features black suspects, and the third explored the news media's capacity to engender racial attitudes through stereotypic portrayals in local crime coverage. The writer's evaluation of local news source websites to determine their relative propensity to publish articles that focus on violent rather than non-violent crimes is then described. The writer's findings are reported and the paper concludes that the media is tacitly disseminating negative attitudes into society for monetary gain, and inciting instead of informing the general public.
From the Paper "Local news broadcasts undeniably play a fundamental role in shaping public opinion. Despite this all-important role, the local news media has decided to forego their obligations to the public by basing their reports on action news. This decision has engendered a local news media that heightens negative attitudes about African-Americans among whites by basing their reports on the crime news script. This crime news script has also been shown to alter the support of presidential candidates during campaigns. These influences would potentially be legitimized if the media's journalistic endeavors were approached differently, but they are not. These endeavors are approached from a business foundation that relies on audience ratings and profits but not so much on journalism for the sake of journalism."
Tags:capitalistethnicityminorityperpetrator, Bill Clinton, manipulation heterogeneous commonality murder
This paper presents the thesis that physical and social attributes, such as race and ethnicity, determine social interaction and involvement within society.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, 2005, $ 62.95
Abstract The paper maintains that there is a tendency among white people living in Canada to downplay or ignore the relevance and importance of race or ethnicity, or even to be utterly unaware of it. However, people who belong to minorities in Canada contend that race and ethnicity have a powerful influence over social interaction and involvement within Canadian society. This paper shows that the people belonging to minorities are in fact correct: race and ethnicity do, to a large extent, determine social interaction and involvement within Canadian society.
Abstract This paper presents a project that attempts to define the status of minority teachers in the American educational system and to evaluate the effectiveness of the school-university partnership which aims to increase the number of minority teachers available by providing recruitment and training. It examines how the supply of minority teachers is low and the benefits to the educational system of having them include using them as role models, as counselors to students of their own race/ethnicity, to break many white students out of cultural isolation and to provide input into educational reform.
Outline
Background and Definition of the Issue
Review of the Literature
Nature of School-University Minority Teacher Recruitment and Training Programs
Types Of School-University Minority Teacher Recruitment and Training Programs
Effects Of School-University Minority Teacher Recruitment and Training Programs
Summary
Methodology
Research Approach
Data Gathering Procedures
Data Analysis Procedures
Analysis of the Data
Findings
Interpretations
Implications
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
References
From the Paper "The numbers of non-white teachers and education majors in America are well below what might be expected on the basis of population norms (Osler, 1997). This despite the fact that there are several good reasons for expanding the numbers of minority teachers in public schools. First, minority teachers serve as positive role models for non-white students (Brooks, 1987); this is an important consideration in light of the fact that students of color comprise over 74 percent of urban public schools in America's ten most populous cities (Council of Great City Schools, 1998)."
Abstract This paper examines issues of inter-ethnic coexistence in the Ukraine and in particular the Donbass Basin by illustrating that history matters in terms of ethnic composition and political preferences. It attempts to reconstruct the historical picture of the major ethnic groups living in Donbass in order to examine what social, political and cultural experiences they have gained during the centuries of their habitation in the area of modern Ukraine. It looks at the process through which the ethnic make-up of the area was determined, focusing on the delineation of particular groups? histories and traces the evolution of the minority issue under Soviet rule, as a factor that influenced the levels of their self-assertiveness which obviously matters under the new political conditions. It also analyzes major questions of inter-ethnic co-existence and cultural autonomy, on the level of state politics and mass public perception.
From the Paper "When looking at the development of any young independent states, among the matters of special concern is the problem of the relationship between integration processes and the in-depth development of particular ethnic groups and regions. In staking out its claim of sovereignty and at the same time insisting on getting its own way, the multi-ethnic national state places itself in an embarrassing realm of double standards and therefore often becomes susceptible to quite a distressing level of internal torment. And yet some of the governments in question endeavor to implement liberal approaches, founded on the principle of preserving a balance between the prerogatives of the state and the priorities of the regions; and between the Nation's codes and the interests of the various ethnic groups in the population."
Abstract This paper explores how racism in America has affected public opinion toward immigration and minorities. The paper begins with a discussion of America's historic support for immigration and then argues that this support has been corrupted by racism. The paper also cites statistics about demographic changes in the U.S. over the past several decades, examining how certain minority populations have actually grown to be nearly on par with the Caucasian majority in some places. This realignment, according to the paper, has challenged some of the deeply-rooted notions of what it means to be in a majority, which, in turn, has sparked a new wave of racism from previously more tolerant quarters. The pain concludes by studying recent research efforts to to explore the structural roots of inequality in America, focusing on a Rhode Island study on the tension between strong individual rights promised to U.S. citizens and ethnic or racial discrimination against African-Americans and other minority groups.
From the Paper "The paradox of a US national identity involves multiple contradictions, such as citizenship rights promised to US citizens in contrast with differential group discrimination; of external and internal forms of racism with and through one another accepting and excluding certain categories of citizens; of civic and ethnic nationalisms that respond to the established but unstable two-faced US national identity; the combined change and continuity that has allowed American society to constantly and repeatedly transform while retaining a deeply entrenched racial hierarchy; and a deeply gendered or masculine American family ideal that constructs and hides these contradictions, at the same time. Addressing these inconsistencies, inequalities and contradictions requires listening to those with different interpretations of how it is to be treated "like one of the US national family" but actually excluded from that US national family altogether. It will mean finding a way to reconfigure that long-standing relationships among race, ethnicity and that idealized US national identity as well as working to reclaim the language of family in the process."
Abstract This paper explores some of the parenting beliefs of church attending ethnicminority mothers. It specifically examines African/Afro-Caribbean mothers from East London. The paper discusses their values and beliefs in relation to their daily interactions with their teenage children. It analyzes the data using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach to ascertain emergent themes and structures.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Research plan
Introduction
Relationship Between Systems of Meaning and Mental Health
Religion
Therapeutic Work and the Use of Religion as a System of Meaning
Debates Relating to Religion and Spirituality in Work with Family Systems
Belief
Religion and Effective Family Functioning
This Seems to be a New Section on Methodology
Motherhood and EthnicMinority Women
The Growth of Church Attendance in Minority Groups in the UK
Suicide
Conclusion
From the Paper "Incredibly powerful and talented Black lesbian and bisexual women have either isolated themselves in lonely closets or succumbed to drug addiction, and even committed suicide because they feared both societal and familial rejection. From a historical perspective, the pressure lesbians faced in the past is understood. However, even today, black lesbians in the upper echelons of society still have to choose between silence and success (Asanti, 2001). Until the year 1969, most people who identified as GLB generally could not be open about their sexual orientation and publicly respected in the United States, unlike to European countries. Same-gender sexual behavior has existed throughout history;. However, until about 1850 the labels heterosexual, lesbian, and gay male did not exist in Western societies. Many adolescents are likely to experience sexual interests and behaviors for the first time in their lives during puberty. Many sexual attraction, but not self-label as lesbian or gay male (Anhalt et al., 1998)."
