Abstract
The paper explains the components of the gross domestic product (GDP) that is used as a measure of the standard of living of a country's economy. First, the current currency exchange rate is discussed and then the advantages and disadvantages of using the GDP as a measure of the standard of living of the economy are outlined. Finally, the paper reveals that the welfare of a nation can hardly be inferred from a measure of national income.

Outline:
How Do We Keep Score
It's Components
Measures of Economic Performance
Advantages and Disadvantages of the GDP
Welfare of a Nation

From the Paper
"GDP per capita is used generally as a measure of the standard of living of the economy of each individual country. It records spending on all goods and all services. It can also measure income that is earned (and reported). Those numbers are counted and kept by a national government statistical agency. For example, In the United States uses the BEA, or Bureau of Economic Analysis as our scorekeeper. Australia uses the ABS, or Australian Bureau of Statistics and Germany uses the Statistisches Bundesamt."

Tags:consumption, investment, expenditure, goods, services, standard, of, living, income, welfare

Abstract
This paper looks at a number of economic indicators in order to compare the growth and income distribution of Nigeria since the 1960s with that of the United States for the same time period.

From the Paper
"Between fiscal year (FY) 1959 and 1967, GDP grew by 6.0 percent annually. According to statistics, GDP shrank at an annual rate of 1.1 percent between FY 1967 and FY 1970. However, this does not take into account political upheavals such as the secession of the Eastern Region in 1968 or the war that ended in 1970. It is thus highly likely that the decline in net domestic production is understated in the statistics, since annual measures of GDP do not reflect wartime capital destruction."

Tags:annual, population, growth, per, capita, low-income, status, life, expectancy, infant, mortality

Abstract
The paper explains the three measurement tools used to calculate the economy of a country, namely, the national income, the GDP and per capita income. The paper then highlights the weaknesses of these factors when they are utilized in isolation and emphasizes how all factors must be taken into account when considering the economy of a country.

Outline:
The Derivation of National Income
Gross Domestic Product and the Information it Bespeaks
Per Capita Income
The Important Factors When Considering the Economy of a Country

From the Paper
"National income is the sum total of a nation's products and services within as well as the income of monies from other countries into the United States economy. The per capita net national income used to measure the county's level of welfare is a normal index number. (Leontief 347) This statement is indicative of the general recognition of the national income as an indicator of a country's social status. National income is a measurement of the productivity of the workforce, as well as the efficiency and competence in the delivery of services. However, national income, as will be discussed below, is not be used alone if an accurate painting to the picture of reality is desired."

Tags:GDP, per, capita, income, production, averages, lifestyle, prosperity

Abstract
The paper provides an overview of the extent of poverty in underdeveloped nations by examining the per capita income in terms of the US dollar. The paper identifies poverty's root cause of colonization and argues that to alleviate poverty, developed countries should grant better market access as well step up their foreign aid. The paper argues further that these poor nations need to focus more on neo-liberal policies.

Outline:
Introduction
World Disparities
Causes of Poverty
To Alleviate World Poverty

From the Paper
"This essay first explores the extent of disparity that exists around the world, which smacks of the extent of poverty. There is no doubt that most of the countries follow democratic system and hence assumed the role of welfare state. As a corollary, alleviation of poverty has become central to their economic policy making. However, the progress made in this connection is far from satisfactory, as evident from the disparities that still persist in the world welfare. As the Joan Robinson once said, 'Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere'. Thus, attacking poverty calls for a concentrated but unified approach by the developed countries, which need to support the development of the poor nations."

Tags:neo-liberal, policies, foreign, aid, income

Abstract
This paper discusses the role of agricultural subsidization in developed countries through the examination of the consumer price index (CPI), per capita income levels, and the per capita expenditures on food within the CPI weighted averages. The paper hypothesizes that agricultural subsidies actually inflate the price of food commodities, which has an exacerbating effect on the economy and the lower income demographic.

From the Paper
"The primary issue is the supposition that government agricultural subsidies disrupt the natural market forces that dictate the free-market premise that prices seek their own level. This principle of price disruption caused by agricultural subsidies is, perforce, most apparent in the price of food and food products. The result, and the proposed hypothesis, is that consumers actually pay higher prices for food items that would otherwise be the case sans agricultural subsidization by government entities. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to illustrate the reality of the hypothesis in order to establish and build a case to end agricultural subsidization by developed countries around the globe."

Tags:cpi, agricultural, subsidies

Abstract
This paper relates that it is believed that the rates of the commission of crimes depend a lot on the economic conditions in the country; when there is an increase in per capita income, there is a clear reduction in violent and property crimes. The author points out that people who commit crimes get high pleasure, which comes from some symbolic meanings of the act and the neuro-physiologic high that is given to them by the act. The paper concludes that it is clear that criminal violence often takes place due to the mental processes of the criminal; however, there is no understanding of this process.

From the Paper
"At the international level, another study showed that inequality does not significantly affect rate of crime, unless the comparisons are made only between selected countries. According to them probably culture determines rate of crime more than income. The question then comes out as to what really causes persons to get into violent acts as no two sources seem to agree. There is certainty however that the acts are intentionally violent and they are reinforced by certain situations. The process of this reinforcement is not very well understood in the study of criminology."

Tags:neuro-physiologic, mental, economy, culture

Abstract
This paper examines how four decades of impressive economic growth, rising per capita income, and growing opportunities have provided millions with a better standard of living in the Asia-Pacific region and how, as a result of greater prosperity, Asians eat more meat, fish, and dairy products. It looks at how, coupled with a growing population, this increased demand has the potential to overwhelm global commodity markets and therefore create shortages.

Outline
Crops
Agricultural Land
Irrigation and Water Uses
Fertilizer Consumption
Natural Resource Management
Organic Agriculture in Asia
Globalization

From the Paper
"There has been a significant increase in the amount of arable land in developing countries; yet, the Asian region has gained a minute portion of available land to increase crop production. " Developing countries will expand their total amount of arable land by 120 million hectares by 2030, this includes only 15 million hectares in Asia. India and China together account for about 28% of the developing countries' arable land. In South Asia, nearly 90% of arable land is already in use, whereas in East Asia, 40 % of arable land remains unused" (Ivory 2001, 17)."

Tags:agriculture, crops, organic, land, water

Abstract
This paper examines how Switzerland, as a country, ideally is situated at the center of the most industrially developed part of Europe, which runs from Southern Germany to the parts of Northern Italy and Eastern France. It looks at how it is one of the richest countries in the world with the highest levels of gross national per capita income. It shows how the nature of the economy is liberal and highly competitive and occupies a position among the top ten positions in the world in any study. It also discusses how it is an open economy and dependent on foreign trade.

Outline
Executive Summary
History
Politics
Economics
Culture
Geography
Tax Policy
Fiscal Policy
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"For the trade with the EU, the applicable principles include free movements of goods and services, free movement of capital and liberalized labor market, which is opening up even further. One can invest into Switzerland through a partnership or a new corporation in the form of a joint stock company, through setting up a subsidiary as a corporation which may be totally independent or a branch of the foreign company, through setting up a partnership with Swiss nationals or through an existing company in Switzerland, through acquiring an interest or buying an existing business in Switzerland with a majority interest, through a merger with previous Swiss partners, or through strategic alliances which may or may not involve equity shares."

Tags:european, union, tax, fiscal, economy

Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper addresses the important problem of poverty in the developing countries and shows how development of women can help increase per capita income and also improve the standard of living. The paper focuses on past approaches briefly and highlights the reason why they failed to produce the desired result. During research on this subject, it was found that the best way to combat poverty is by attacking its causes and thus this paper also makes some sound theoretical suggestions for elimination of poverty.

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to compare the economic development of South Korea with that of the Philippines from 1960 to the present. In 1960, both of these Far Eastern countries were equally underdeveloped economically, but today South Korea's per capita income is several times that of the Philippines. Why, in the last 35 years, has South Korea experienced such dramatic growth, while the Philippines has stagnated? This paper looks at how each country's culture, political leaders, economic policies and foreign trade policies have affected their growth rates.

Paper Outline:

I. Pre-1960
A. South Korea
1. Confucian Culture
2. Education
B. Philippines
1. Wealth and Poverty
2. Education
II. Economic Policies
A. South Korea
1. Five-year Plans
2. Growth under Authoritarian Rule
B. Philippines
1. Labor Laws
2. Trade Barriers
III. Foreign Trade
A. Exports
B. Import Substitution
IV. Leadership
A. South Korea
1. Authoritarian
2. Committed to Economic Development
B. Marcos
1. Martial Law
2. Corruption
3. Economic Collapse

From the Paper
"The first five-year plan caused rapid growth, largely by devaluing the won and restructuring the system of taxation and tariffs in such a way as to promote an increase in industrial exports (Han 166). It also caused rapid inflation due to government deficits and a 60 percent increase in the money supply (Brown 51). The second plan (1967-71) sought to correct the problems of the first by reducing government spending (Brown 52-3) while continuing to give tax deductions to industries that were expanding their exports (60)."

Tags:Park, Chung, Hee, Park, top-down, process, Chun, Doo, Hwan