Abstract This paper discusses how ecological footprints, effective ecological tools used to help maintain our world, impose many questions in sustaining the earth's life. Charts are included with the paper.
Defining Our Ecological Footprint
Dependency on Nature
Carrying Capacity of Cities and Earth
Comparison between Countries
Natural Capita: Effects on the Earth
Impact of the World Economies
Solutions
From the Paper "The world economy has a great impact on the ecological footprints of the world. Every country wants to obtain economic growth to produce more money. But in doing this, they have to deplete their natural capital, which in turn, is not helping in sustaining this world. As William Rees states, "there is simply not enough on the planet to sustain present international development trends using prevailing technologies" (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). So something drastic has to be done. As the ecological footprints of humans are already too large for the earth to handle, how can we accommodate the rising materials and rising in population, while trying to sustain the earth. Most analysts agree that it can happen in two ways: through a reduction in the standard of living or through the increase in material and energy efficiency (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). These two issues also apply problems, through cultural, economic, and social values. Especially in the more developed countries. To lower the standard of living would be outright rejected in the more developed countries such as Canada and the U. S. So indeed, most people agree that "global sustainability is achievable only through large increases in the consumption of goods and services in both poorer and richer countries" (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). But still a problem arises. There will still be inequity in the growth of the more and less developed countries. It seems the richer get richer and the poorer get poorer. A consensus seems to be emerging though. They say that the needed consumption will work if there is a reduction in the material energy costs of goods and services. "
Abstract In this paper there is a comparison of the economies of Egypt, Morocco, and Iran. The countries are examined based on imports, exports, GDP growth, GDP per capita, changes in economic conditions, liberalization and privatization, and reliance on oil exports as well as unemployment rates
Tags: morocco, egypt, and iran, comparison contrast, gdp, gross domestic product, literacy, industry, exports, imports, per capita
Abstract The paper is creative, arguing that per capita funding for higher education in Canada should be reduced till institutions can indicate what their higher operating costs actually involve. The paper contends that at no time have Canadian institutions followed European examples in universities without tuition fees to encourage diverse enrolments. The paper explains that all problems in academics are blamed on 'funding' and yet salary scales remain high and overheads are unjustified. The paper includes a varied bibliography.
From the Paper "The high cost of higher education in Canada continues to be lamented, at the same time as governments indicate the need for more Canadians to pursue post-secondary education of different kinds. This is often presented in relation to a Canadian labour force that needs to be more 'competitive' within a 'globalized' economy, although Canada imports labour to perform tasks that Canadians will not do (Basok, 2003). Another anomaly is one of encouraging foreign physicians' immigration to a land with a shortage of doctors, and then refusing to allow them to practise, or enabling them to prepare for the Canadian profession."
Abstract The paper discusses the selection criteria that the Vinos Andinos wine producer should use to identify those countries that are most likely to embrace the Chilean wines. The paper looks at the GDP per capita, the level of wine production and consumption and competition on the wine market in European countries and determines that the best choices would be Luxembourg, Switzerland and Austria. The paper concludes with two recommendations Vinos Andinos should consider when they launch their Chilean wines on the European market.
Outline:
Introduction
Body
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Conclusions
From the Paper "Dating back to antiquity, wines have always been considered among the best alcoholic beverages, being associated with mythology, gods, powerful rulers, simple men and they are even referred to in the Bible. Today, wines are being consumed at both social as well as business meetings by all kinds of people, coming from all social backgrounds and registering all incomes. This means that the wine industry has to produce a wide variety of drinks, suited for all tastes and all pockets."
Abstract The paper explains the components of the gross domestic product (GDP) that is used as a measure of the standard of living of a country's economy. First, the current currency exchange rate is discussed and then the advantages and disadvantages of using the GDP as a measure of the standard of living of the economy are outlined. Finally, the paper reveals that the welfare of a nation can hardly be inferred from a measure of national income.
Outline:
How Do We Keep Score
It's Components
Measures of Economic Performance
Advantages and Disadvantages of the GDP
Welfare of a Nation
From the Paper "GDP per capita is used generally as a measure of the standard of living of the economy of each individual country. It records spending on all goods and all services. It can also measure income that is earned (and reported). Those numbers are counted and kept by a national government statistical agency. For example, In the United States uses the BEA, or Bureau of Economic Analysis as our scorekeeper. Australia uses the ABS, or Australian Bureau of Statistics and Germany uses the Statistisches Bundesamt."
Abstract This paper makes an effort to examine whether, how and the extent to which the "Empowerment of Women" and "Economic Independence of Women" can contribute to development in terms of growth of GDP per capita. The paper also proposes to examine the factors that are correlated with "women empowerment" and "economic independence of women".
Table of Contents
Impact of GEM and Other Variables on GNI per Capita Effect of GDI and GEM on GDP per Capita (PPP US$)
GDI and Other Variables
GEM and Other Variables
Factors Affecting Poverty
Determinants of Total Fertility Rates
Conclusion
From the Paper "Development is often taken to mean rising incomes. A still common view equates development with growth in average income. Though there has been a shift in emphasis since 1970s to a focus on the distribution of incomes. The 1990 Human development Report produced by the UNDP marked a different view of the meaning of development and has a distinct influence of the work of Amartya Sen. The essence of this view is that human development -what people can actually do and be -is the overriding purpose of economic development. Underdevelopment is viewed as the lack of certain basic capabilities, rather than lack of income per se. This approach which is critical of both "opulence" (income, wealth or commodity possession) and "utility" (whether interpreted as happiness, desire fulfillment or simply choice) as a measure of well-being, argues that "well-being" has to do with being well, which is about being able to live long, being well-nourished, being healthy, being literate and so on. The value of living lies in living & not in possessing things. This approach has been named as "human development approach". However, there can be no denying the fact that the capabilities can be built through increase in income. Economic growth expands capabilities directly. As average incomes increase, the population has greater command over the relevant goods and services--food, healthcare, education, and so on-which in turn leads to improved health & nutrition, longer life expectancy, and better education. However, enormous literature is available on relation between GDP per capita and the "Human Development Index (HDI)". HDI is calculated by taking into account "a long healthy life" represented by life expectancy at birth; "Knowledge", which is represented by "Adult Literacy Rate" and "Gross Enrollment Ratio" and the third parameter "a decent standard of living" which is represented by GDP per Capita (PPP US$)."
An overview of American economy over the last fifty years, showing that from despite setbacks, the country's purchasing power has increased dramatically.
Abstract If seen from the standpoint of GDP per capita growth, the United States has done well over the course of the last 50 years. Even in constant dollars, the United States has more than doubled its per capita GDP in this time period. This paper shows that these facts should not be surprising to anyone. Only moderate recessions have hindered growth throughout this period, with the most notable ones being in the early 70's as the Bretton Woods system fell apart, the late 80's following the ?87 crash, and the recent recession that followed the collapse of the dot com industry, the telecommunications industry, and the World Trade Center. The paper shows that despite these setbacks, we have seen an almost exponential rise in the purchasing power of the United States; which has surpassed both the growth rate of the population and the rate of inflation. This paper uses graphs and tables to illustrate major points.
From the Paper "When reality set in and these issues started to fall, investors were quick to hunt for opportunities to invest as an alternative to traditional stock evaluations, much like what is happening now. Investment gurus known as "market timers" also developed exotic methodologies by which to invest, entering or leaving the market in response to perceived signals. For instance, a popular investment methodology was to chart when the price of a stock crossed its ninety-day average. An investor would buy at this point, selling again when the stock fell below its thirty-day average. This seemed to be an attractive method of investing when holding a stock long-term was bound to be an unprofitable prospect. Investors that use such methodologies are known as "market technicians" or ?technical analysts,? whereas the majority of investors are known as "fundamental analysts" and appraise the value of a stock based on projected future earnings. Edson Gould, Joe Granville, Bob Pretcher and Don Hahn were market timers who achieved guru status during the 70's because of the luck they achieved at timing markets."
Tags: inflation, stock, valuation, Dow, Jones, Industrial, Average
This paper is an empirical study of World Health Organization data evaluating the relationship of sanitary health conditions to the number of cases of HIV and tuberculosis.
Abstract This paper explains that home-based care is a strategy increasingly relied on by many countries adversely affected by HIV/AIDS because they have weak health systems and infrastructures and are overwhelmed by the volume of patients requiring long-term care, and yet, their sanitation and hygiene, which underpin these home care strategies, are often poor. The author uses variables such as the number of people living with HIV, GDP/Capita (US$), expenditure on health per capita (US$), access to improved water resources in urban and rural areas, access to better sanitation facilities in urban and rural areas, prevalence of contraceptives (which serves to explain the sexual behavior) and the number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases detected in a year. The paper is based on a statistical regression procedure including ANOVA on all the selected variables with the number of people with HIV and tuberculosis living in 70 countries; the data is reported by organizing these countries into global regional zones.
Table of Contents
Analysis of Data for the World
AFR (African Region)
HIV
Tuberculosis
South-East Asian Region
HIV
TB Cases
West-Pacific Region
HIV
The Eastern Mediterranean Region
HIV Cases
TB Cases
American Region
Data
HIV Cases
TB Cases
European Region (EUR)
HIV Dependent
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "While in many African countries, everyone is vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, the people worst affected are those living in poor, over crowded areas that lack adequate sanitary facilities, water supply, and medical care. Having a potable water supply and latrine close to one's home is a basic human right. Access to adequate water supply and sanitation facilities helps people to live healthier lives, free from the risks of water and sanitation related illnesses and affords them the dignity that is due to them being human being. For a person living with HIV/AIDS access to water and sanitation facilities is especially critical. The risks posed by poor facilities can be fatal. It is an undeniable fact that poverty goes hand-in-hand with inadequate hygiene and sanitation facilities and people living in over crowded slum areas severely face this inadequacy. It is observed from the data obtained from WHO that the incidence of HIV is positively correlated with absolute poverty (in terms of income <$1) by a factor 0.25 and with the Gini coefficient by a factor of 0.21. In this study, data have been analyzed on various variables and has made an effort to explain the correlations and trends for each of the regions classified by the WHO."
Tags: relationships, anova, home-based, zones, water
Abstract This paper explains that the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire, has been plagued with ethnic turmoil and civil war, exacerbated by the massive influx of refugees from Rwanda and Burundi, which has reduced a once prospering country into a state of turmoil. The author points out that there are over 200 African ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo of which the majority of these are Bantu. The paper explains that the U.N.'s Human Development Index (HDI), which is a composite of human development indicators, such as longevity, knowledge and education, and economic measurements, is a better system of determining living standards than the GDP alone; Democratic Republic of Congo ranks very near the bottom. Many graphs and charts.
Table of Contents
Democratic Republic of Congo Background
Introduction
Geographic Placement
Ethnic Composition of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Religious Composition of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Colonial History of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Form of Government for the Democratic Republic of Congo
Main Sources of Economic Activity
Structure of the Economy of Democratic Republic of Congo
Economic Background
Nominal and Real GDP Per Capita for the Previous 10 Years, in US$
Nominal and Real GDP Per Capita for the Previous 10 Years, in LCU
Comparison of Two Graphs
Life Expectancy
Adult Literacy Rate
Primary School Enrollment Rate
Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI Formula
HDI Versus GDP
5 Obstacles to Economic Development in the Past 5 Years
Actions that Could be Taken to Overcome These Challenges
From the Paper "Currently the country is under a dictatorship and is presumably transitioning towards a representative government; however, this has yet to be realized. A 500-member transitional National Assembly, along with a 120-member Senate was installed in July of 2003. These members were drawn from groups that signed the Pretoria Accord in December 2002. Elections were scheduled to be held in June of 2005; however, these are not likely to take place. Instead, it is likely that the transitional government will remain in place until the early part of 2006. President Joseph Kabila heads this transitional government. The transitional government includes an executive president, four vice-presidents, and a cabinet that is drawn from five armed groups, the unarmed political opposition, civil society, and the previous government of Joseph Kabila."
Abstract This paper compares the U.S.A. to Australia in terms of items that can be bought in either place and puts them into a graphical representation. The paper gives a reason for doing the research on the two countries combined.
From the Paper "I selected each country because I thought it would be interesting to compare the United States of America to Australia since the USA is enormous when compared to Australia in land size. In addition, I thought it would be fascinating to see the prices associated with goods and services in Australia compared to the U.S. since Australia is an island completely surrounded by water. The USA, however, has neighboring countries of Canada and Mexico. Also, I thought it would be intriguing to see the percentage of income each item costs. I learned that, although Australia is much smaller than the USA and water locked, its prices are just about equivalent to the USA's as is shown in Figure 1. As you can see, if you purchased the same goods and services in Australia and the USA, the total amount is almost entirely the same even though the per capita income is much lower in Australia than in the USA. Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of these figures. "
Tags: cost, living, income, per, capita, australia, america
Abstract Despite the 14th Amendment in the American constitution, this paper claims that there is gross inequality in many states when dealing with African-American and Latinos regarding crimes and prosecution. It states that there is solid evidence that Blacks and Latinos commit a higher number of crimes per capita but in addition, critics of our legal system assert that some laws, particularly drug laws, are enforced more vigorously in minority communities. It is also claimed that people of color receive harsher sentences for the same crimes.
From the Paper "America has taken the official stance that all are equal in front of the law for a long time. The 14th Amendment specifically states this. Blas? (2001) quotes a legal expert from Columbia University as he says, "One of the clearest principles of American constitutional law is that race is an inappropriate basis upon which to make official decisions.? The statue of Lady Justice seen on so many courthouses emphasizes this philosophy: she holds the scales of justice blindfolded."
Abstract The author feels that major issues in U.S. Latin American policy are the economy and human rights. The paper explores these issues in detail and explains why they are critical. To protect the economic interests in this region, the author believes that policies should be created that would encourage Latin America's financial independence.
From the Paper "The economic conditions in Latin America are critical to U.S. interest in the region because the U.S. has provided billions of dollars, this includes military aid, to Latin America over the past ten years. Much of this has been provided because of the instability of the economies in that region. Ensuring that these economies gain some stability would benefit not only the U.S. economy but also the World economy."
Abstract Since 1983 per capita consumption of chocolate in America has climbed from 9.7 pounds to 12 pounds annually (Barron, 1998, 118). Of all the foods, items made from chocolate cause the most controversy
From the Paper "IS CHOCOLATE GOOD FOR YOU?
Introduction
Since 1983 per capita consumption of chocolate in America has climbed from 9.7 pounds to 12 pounds annually (Barron, 1998, 118). Of all the foods, items made from chocolate cause the most controversy. There are clubs devoted to its praise, and there are groups that want it banned (Marcus, 1999, B13). There is even a Web site Chocoholic.com that reports 12,000 hits a day and specializes in selling boutique American chocolatiers as Richard H. Donnelly Fine Chocolates in Santa Cruz, CA and Moonstruck Chocolatier in Portland, OR.
Godiva, the famous chocolatier, also has a home on the Web (http://www.godiva.com/index.html) that does everything but let you sample its delights online. The highlight of this "tasteful" site is ..."
An analysis of the impact of trade, economic theories, per capita gross domestic product, effects of labor conditions, NAFTA, the 1994 peso crisis and its financial structure.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 23 sources, 2000, $ 103.95
From the Paper "Mexico: An Economic Analysis
Introduction
This research analyzes specific issues related to the economy of Mexico. The issues discussed are (1) per capita gross domestic product (GDP) differentials between Mexico and the United States, (2) the effects of labor on the per capita GDP differential, (3) the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), (4) the 1994 peso crisis, and (5) the role of the financial structure and system in the peso crisis.
International Trade As An Explanation for Differentials in Per Capita Gross Domestic Product in Mexico and the United States
The basic model of international trade is structured around the concept of comparative advantage. The theory of comparative advantage holds that mutually advantageous trade between countries will..."
Takes position that famines in Africa of the 1950's &1960's are not a thing of the past. Currently, food production per capita is on a general decline. Mass starvation recurs due to political strife as well, i.e. Somalia. Discusses needed changes.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, 1988, $ 39.95
From the Paper " Two or three decades ago, the prospect of mass famine loomed over much of the developing world. When concern about population growth first came to general attention, it was cast in the most starkly Malthusian terms: the prospect of populations outstripping food supplies seemed imminent. Since that time, however, much of the developing world has made progress in developing its food resources; or at the least has held its ground, so that population growth is seen in a broader and longer-term ecological context. The Indian subcontinent is an outstanding example of a region doing far better in terms of food availability than was expected a generation ago."
