Abstract
The paper explains the components of the gross domestic product (GDP) that is used as a measure of the standard of living of a country's economy. First, the current currency exchange rate is discussed and then the advantages and disadvantages of using the GDP as a measure of the standard of living of the economy are outlined. Finally, the paper reveals that the welfare of a nation can hardly be inferred from a measure of national income.

Outline:
How Do We Keep Score
It's Components
Measures of Economic Performance
Advantages and Disadvantages of the GDP
Welfare of a Nation

From the Paper
"GDP per capita is used generally as a measure of the standard of living of the economy of each individual country. It records spending on all goods and all services. It can also measure income that is earned (and reported). Those numbers are counted and kept by a national government statistical agency. For example, In the United States uses the BEA, or Bureau of Economic Analysis as our scorekeeper. Australia uses the ABS, or Australian Bureau of Statistics and Germany uses the Statistisches Bundesamt."

Tags:consumption, investment, expenditure, goods, services, standard, of, living, income, welfare

Abstract
The paper provides a discussion on the main reasons why simply multiplying a country's expected per capita consumption by its population doesn't necessarily lead to a good estimate for potential demand. The paper explores why this is an important consideration in the global business environment and addresses the issues of international markets and globalisation. The paper shows how a company must address cultural differences, environmental impact and corporate social responsibility in order to successfully adapt to the international business environment.

From the Paper
"It is worth examining some of the literature and theory which currently underpins what we know as globalisation and discussing how this affects international business. Globalisation is very much a contested term, indeed a term with a host of meanings, dependent on context. However, the major form of globalisation that is referred to by most people when they talk of globalisation is economic globalisation as driven by global free market capitalism (Stiglitz 2002 p.12). Essentially the driving force for this set of beliefs is that the market is the best way to allocate goods and services (Bhagwati 2004 p.74). Such viewpoints regard political intervention from states and political institutions as being a negative thing as it distorts the market (Moshirian 2008 p.474). The repercussions of this for business are significant. If we look at the Chinese manufacturing sector we can see that in recent years it has continued to boom as a result of the openness of foreign markets to Chinese exports (Crawford 2000 p.75). Were it not for China's ability to reach such markets, as a result of the free market trade model laid out by the World Trade Organisation and other similar institutions, China and Chinese business, would not be able to sell anywhere near as much as they are currently able to do."

Tags:business, consumption, globalisation, corporate, social, responsibility

Abstract
The paper is creative, arguing that per capita funding for higher education in Canada should be reduced till institutions can indicate what their higher operating costs actually involve. The paper contends that at no time have Canadian institutions followed European examples in universities without tuition fees to encourage diverse enrolments. The paper explains that all problems in academics are blamed on 'funding' and yet salary scales remain high and overheads are unjustified. The paper includes a varied bibliography.

From the Paper
"The high cost of higher education in Canada continues to be lamented, at the same time as governments indicate the need for more Canadians to pursue post-secondary education of different kinds. This is often presented in relation to a Canadian labour force that needs to be more `competitive' within a `globalized' economy, although Canada imports labour to perform tasks that Canadians will not do (Basok, 2003). Another anomaly is one of encouraging foreign physicians' immigration to a land with a shortage of doctors, and then refusing to allow them to practise, or enabling them to prepare for the Canadian profession."

Tags:higher, policy, critique

From the Paper
"Comparing the Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol Policies of New York and Texas
Defining the Problem
Driving while under the influence of alcohol continues to be a major problem in the United States (Willingham & Cameron, 1990). Total driving while under the influence of alcohol arrests increased by 15.2 percent from 1979 to 1988, while the population was increasing 9.3 percent (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1990; Bureau of the Census, 1991). From 1987 to 1988, however, arrests for driving while under the influence of alcohol declined by 4.2 percent (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1990).


Per capita driving while under the influence arrests vary widely by state. The highest per capita rate?1.09 arrests per 10..."

From the Paper
" Two or three decades ago, the prospect of mass famine loomed over much of the developing world. When concern about population growth first came to general attention, it was cast in the most starkly Malthusian terms: the prospect of populations outstripping food supplies seemed imminent. Since that time, however, much of the developing world has made progress in developing its food resources; or at the least has held its ground, so that population growth is seen in a broader and longer-term ecological context. The Indian subcontinent is an outstanding example of a region doing far better in terms of food availability than was expected a generation ago."

From the Paper
"Mexico: An Economic Analysis
Introduction
This research analyzes specific issues related to the economy of Mexico. The issues discussed are (1) per capita gross domestic product (GDP) differentials between Mexico and the United States, (2) the effects of labor on the per capita GDP differential, (3) the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), (4) the 1994 peso crisis, and (5) the role of the financial structure and system in the peso crisis.
International Trade As An Explanation for Differentials in Per Capita Gross Domestic Product in Mexico and the United States
The basic model of international trade is structured around the concept of comparative advantage. The theory of comparative advantage holds that mutually advantageous trade between countries will..."

Abstract
This paper defines corruption as the abuse of public office for private gain but does not distinguish between administrative and political corruption. Next, the author presents the statistical details of this research, which hypothesizes that education levels, GNI per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, the total fertility rate (TFR) and openness of a country to foreign trade (FDI data taken as proxy to 'openness') affect the corruption index (CPI) of a country. The paper concludes that, based on this research, to eliminate underlying corruption, the highest priority should be given to sustainable economic growth policies accompanied by policies to increase investment in education and health. This paper contains tables.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Overview of the Linkages
Link between GNI per Capita (PPP) and Corruption
Openness to Foreign Trade and Corruption
Education Level and Corruption
Life Expectancy at Birth
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
GII and TFR
Summary and Policy Implications

From the Paper
"In my previous paper on the subject, various levels of education had been used as variables in terms of gross enrollment. The hypothesis was that countries with higher levels of education will have lesser amount of corruption. Instead of a composite index used in most studies based on a combination of adult literacy rate & enrollment ratio in primary, secondary & tertiary education, in that study, these components had been used separately in order to identify the root causes of corruption and what level of education can reduce corruption. It was observed that combined gross enrollment ratio of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary education taken together, shows a positive correlation between CPI and education. It is, however, interesting to note that Primary Education enrollment ratio is negatively correlated with CPI, although the correlation is not statistically significant. This was explained by the fact that in many countries, only primary level of education is not enough to fight corruption. They might on the other hand learn the ways to get work done in a corrupt system as they understand the basics; however, they are perhaps not equipped enough to fight it. However, Gross Secondary Education Enrollment shows positive but not statistically significant correlation with CPI. Instead of multiple regression presented in my earlier study of the subject, a linear regression between CPI and Adult Literacy Ratio and Tertiary Education Enrolment percentage for 2009-2010 data shows the following result."

Tags:poverty, per capita income, education anova r-squared

Abstract
The paper explains the three measurement tools used to calculate the economy of a country, namely, the national income, the GDP and per capita income. The paper then highlights the weaknesses of these factors when they are utilized in isolation and emphasizes how all factors must be taken into account when considering the economy of a country.

Outline:
The Derivation of National Income
Gross Domestic Product and the Information it Bespeaks
Per Capita Income
The Important Factors When Considering the Economy of a Country

From the Paper
"National income is the sum total of a nation's products and services within as well as the income of monies from other countries into the United States economy. The per capita net national income used to measure the county's level of welfare is a normal index number. (Leontief 347) This statement is indicative of the general recognition of the national income as an indicator of a country's social status. National income is a measurement of the productivity of the workforce, as well as the efficiency and competence in the delivery of services. However, national income, as will be discussed below, is not be used alone if an accurate painting to the picture of reality is desired."

Tags:GDP, per, capita, income, production, averages, lifestyle, prosperity

Abstract
In this paper there is a comparison of the economies of Egypt, Morocco, and Iran. The countries are examined based on imports, exports, GDP growth, GDP per capita, changes in economic conditions, liberalization and privatization, and reliance on oil exports as well as unemployment rates

Tags:morocco, egypt, and iran, comparison contrast, gdp, gross domestic product, literacy, industry, exports, imports, per capita

Abstract
This paper discusses how ecological footprints, effective ecological tools used to help maintain our world, impose many questions in sustaining the earth's life. Charts are included with the paper.

Defining Our Ecological Footprint
Dependency on Nature
Carrying Capacity of Cities and Earth
Comparison between Countries
Natural Capita: Effects on the Earth
Impact of the World Economies
Solutions

From the Paper
"The world economy has a great impact on the ecological footprints of the world. Every country wants to obtain economic growth to produce more money. But in doing this, they have to deplete their natural capital, which in turn, is not helping in sustaining this world. As William Rees states, "there is simply not enough on the planet to sustain present international development trends using prevailing technologies" (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). So something drastic has to be done. As the ecological footprints of humans are already too large for the earth to handle, how can we accommodate the rising materials and rising in population, while trying to sustain the earth. Most analysts agree that it can happen in two ways: through a reduction in the standard of living or through the increase in material and energy efficiency (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). These two issues also apply problems, through cultural, economic, and social values. Especially in the more developed countries. To lower the standard of living would be outright rejected in the more developed countries such as Canada and the U. S. So indeed, most people agree that "global sustainability is achievable only through large increases in the consumption of goods and services in both poorer and richer countries" (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). But still a problem arises. There will still be inequity in the growth of the more and less developed countries. It seems the richer get richer and the poorer get poorer. A consensus seems to be emerging though. They say that the needed consumption will work if there is a reduction in the material energy costs of goods and services. "

Tags:capacity, carrying, footprints, economy, world, natural, capita, sustainability, consumption, food, ecology, countries, cities, earth, nature