Abstract
The paper describes how Hong Kong has adopted a KLA model whereby Chinese is used in primary schools towards bilingual secondary schools enabling often perfect Cantonese-English fluency. The paper relates that as much as possible, English is used in teaching and class discussion, with students learning to think and express themselves fully. The paper discusses how this method resembles what is imparted in Canada's French immersion schools for non-Francophone Canadians. The paper points out that the HK system is supported by academics, the business community and government.

From the Paper
"This paper refers to a Hong Kong curriculum that now presumes Cantonese fluency and the steady addition of English after primary school. (See Morris: 1995) A Key Learning Areas (KLA) model allows a curriculum geared to stimulating the development and application of generic skills, values and attitudes, understanding and the construction of new knowledge, and a platform for review. (Tung: 1998:29) The English Language Education KLA promotes learning in other KLAs, furthers language skills and world knowledge, and provides broad learning opportunities while promoting study..."

Tags:kla model, additive bilingualism, theory

Abstract
This paper examines the Chinese immigrant population in the United States from a province and county of China, Fu Zhou (Fu Jian), a region where the people have traditionally been very different from mainstream Chinese culture. The paper explores the issues faced by these immigrants from Fu Zhou and the challenges that they face in the future. The paper also includes the personal perspective of the author, an Asian-American, in terms of his own views of the problems of immigration and the problems of negative community attribution that many immigrants from Fu Zhou undergo, since they are often looked down upon by mainstream Chinese (Cantonese) immigrants as being uncivilized and overly eager to do anything for money. Finally, the paper addresses the unequal treatment suffered by many immigrant communities in America, as well the conspicuous consumption favored by the Chinese back home in Fu Jian who 'live large' while their American family members work impossibly long hours to bring them the fruits of their labor.

From the Paper
"In New York especially, the majority of Chinese immigrants who hold viable commercial and tourist space in Chinatown are Cantonese. This means that they are from the south of China, mostly from the Guangzhou province or from Hong Kong (Xiang Gang). They are an established immigrant community with labor relations boards and
viable opportunities for the community's grievances to be addressed. Many Americans think of China as being more unified than it really is in terms of groups within the mainland. There are many Chinese who speak different languages within China, and even though Mandarin is supposed to be the official (government) language, there are often language barriers between different people. Mandarin is different from Cantonese, but many Cantonese Chinese can also speak Mandarin, since the newspapers and television programs in China are often in this language."

Tags:cantonese, mandarin, isolated, dominant, seafaring, abilities, barbarian, fu, jian, rural, worker

Abstract
This paper is a critical analysis of cross-cultural politeness using the Brown and Levinson's model as a basis for defining and understanding politeness and applying it to three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese.

From the Paper
"What is politeness? If I propose that politeness be used as pragmatically terminology, the preferable definition is to be found in appropriateness. It can be also said to be universal only in the sense that every society has some sort of norms for the appropriate behavior, although these norms are vary. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a cross-cultural context by applying a well-known Brown and Levinson s model (1978 and revised in 1987), which has been applied in various settings, from casual services, encounters to EFL classrooms. However, Brown and Levinson s model (1978) has been criticized for being too geared to Western (especially American) notions of independence and, hence, for its limited applicability in Asian contexts. I have attempted in the following by first giving a general and brief account for Brown and Levinson s model (1978), and then try to apply and analyze the Brown and Levinson s model (1978) in three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese. "

Tags:acts, brown, cantonese, chinese, comparison, culture, differences, face, japanese, levinson, politeness, threatening, cross-cultural

Abstract
The writer relates that the child he observed is a two-year-old boy who just started pre-nursery class in September 2008. The writer mentions that he is the only child in his family, both his mother and father are Chinese and use Cantonese as their first language, the child is spoken to in Cantonese when he is at home, the boy's mother is the manager at a bank, while the boy's father is a pilot, the child is taken care of by a helper while the mother is at work and the boy's aunt speaks English to him. The writer describes the child as a happy boy, who always smiles and repeats what his teacher says.

From the Paper
"The child I observed is a two-year-old boy who just started pre-nursery class in September 2008. He is the only child in his family. Both his mother and father are Chinese and use Cantonese as their first language. The child is spoken to in Cantonese when he is at home. The boy's mother is the manager at a bank, while the boy's father is a pilot. The child is taken care of by a helper while the mother is at work. The boy's aunt speaks English to him. The child appears to be a happy boy, who always..."

Tags:child, development, observations

Abstract
The paper describes a mother that is from Vietnam and speaks Cantonese, Vietnamese, and some simple English. The paper relates that her self-esteem was low; she was obedient to the doctors until May 14 when she disagreed with the doctor for the first time over the baby's rash turning to dark patches. The paper relates that it was on May 23 that the mother's self-esteem increased dramatically; she rang for a nurse and no one arrived; she took the baby to the doctor's room and yelled that it was an emergency. The paper adds that she also disagreed with the nurse's statements.

From the Paper
"The mother is from Vietnam and speaks Cantonese, Vietnamese, and some simple English. Her self-esteem was low; she was obedient to the doctors until May 14 when she disagreed with the doctor for the first time over the baby's rash turning to dark patches. It was on May 23 that the mother's self-esteem increased dramatically. She rang for a nurse and no one arrived; she took the baby to the doctor's room and yelled that it was an emergency. She also disagreed with the nurse's statements."

Tags:nurses, doctors, liability

Abstract
This paper refers to Marcel Danesi and others who study phonology in relation to linguistics on loanwords and borrowing between English and Chinese (both Mandarin and Cantonese are mentioned as examples). The paper discusses the results of loanwords when they are adopted, the borrowing for a purpose, ease, or by acquired habit and the integration of adaptations creating new dialects in some cases.

From the Paper
"English and the Chinese languages of Mandarin and Cantonese have long histories of borrowing words from other languages as discussed by Marcel Danesi, particularly, in cases of `necessary' loanwords when there is no conceptual equivalent. (2008:133) Other borrowing occurs when a speaker employs a term from a second language to avoid the effort of explaining a meaning. The history of English abounds in adaptations of words borrowed from Latin, French and Greek including the French that was spoken by the Normans who invaded the British Isles from northwestern France in 1066."

Tags:danesi, loanwords, phono linguistics

Abstract
The paper relates that Ch'an Buddhism was a sect of Buddhism that emerged in the eighth century and become one of the most enduring sects. The paper discusses how it was Huineng's great achievements to found this sect. The paper relates that Huineng was a semi-barbarian, an illiterate peasant who became a Cantonese monk, and then went on to found Ch'an Buddhism in about 700 (Gernet).

From the Paper
"Ch'an Buddhism was a sect of Buddhism that emerged in the eighth century and become one of the most enduring sects. It was Huineng's great achievements to found this sect. Huineng was a semi-barbarian, an illiterate peasant who became a Cantonese monk, and then went on to found Ch'an Buddhism in about 700 (Gernet). Huineng lived from 638 to 713 CE. Depstie his svery humble beginnings, he left a profound influence on the..."

Tags:buddhism, huineng, china

Abstract
This paper explains that changes in the immigration laws of New Zealand has resulted in changes in the characteristics of recent Chinese immigrants, who are now stereotypically considered to be very wealthy with ready cash, coming mainly from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore rather that the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) itself as past Chinese migrants did. The author points out that the research indicated that this was not true; they do not exhibit the wealth ascribed to these new Chinese immigrants by the media; indeed they are rather young, highly qualified and usually experienced professionals coming predominantly from large urban centers. The paper relates that the new skilled arrivals studied are very different from earlier Chinese migrants not only in their educational and employment backgrounds but also in their points of origin in China; the new migrants are from predominantly urbanized and Mandarin or Wu - Shanghai/Yangtze Delta - dialect speaking areas, which do not fit the traditionally rural, predominantly Yue/Cantonese speaking linguistic profile of earlier Chinese immigrants to New Zealand.

Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
Experiences in Moving from One Culture to Another
The Culture Left and the Culture Entered
Specific Issues and Impact upon Lives
Impacts upon Work/Profession Life and Factors Influences
Resettlement Factors

From the Paper
"The minimum English proficiency levels required of the General Category arrivals were generally somewhat lower than those that would be required of later post-October 1995 General Skills Applicants. However, in the course of completing their degrees most Principal Applicants would have had to study English as a support subject for two years and most likely read some material in English. While their English language skills did not match their technical skills, English levels reached during two years of compulsory university English language study within a science-oriented undergraduate degree would generally be considered adequate to meet the minimum level of English required."

Tags:immigration, laws, stereotypes, professionals, dialect