Abstract
This paper explains that ovarian cancer is the 'Silent Killer' because, 70 to 75% of the time, by the time the cancer is discovered, it has spread to other areas of the body, especially into the abdomen. By then, it is too late to hope for a recovery. The author points out that abdominal swelling, abdominal or pelvic pain, and a feeling of fullness are some of the symptoms of ovarian cancer, which are common symptoms to many other disorders; therefore, doctors, presented with these symptoms immediately should perform a pelvic and recto-vaginal examination, order some blood tests including CA125, and order a transvaginal ultrasound examination. The paper relates that, although the direct cause of ovarian cancer is not known, some of the major risk factors are family history and breast cancer at an early age; other factors are menopause, obesity, early menarche, late first pregnancy, the use of clomiphene citrate to encourage pregnancy, and infertility.

From the Paper
"Sometimes it so happens that the cancerous cells break away from the original tumor and end up in another entirely different part of the body. This process is known as 'metastasis'. Many different kinds of tumors can be formed within the ovaries of a woman, in fact more than thirty known types. However, ovarian cancers are generally divided into three main categories, according to the type of cells that formed them, which are epithelial cancers, that are the most common form of ovarian cancers, and which are formed from the various cells that line or cover the ovaries. The second broad category of ovarian cancer is the germ cell cancer, which in other words means that this cancer starts from germ cells within the ovaries."

Tags:laparotomy, ultrasound, gene, breast, surgery

Abstract
The paper explores how Dr. Warburg's assertion that lack of oxygen augments the citric acid cycle and therefore facilitates anaerobic glycolysis is borne out by medical studies conducted long after his death; every bit as significantly another major contribution of Dr. Otto Warburg has been that he explicitly linked oxygen levels to tumour growth and aggressiveness. With that in mind, the paper asserts that the augmentation of oxygen is critical in the fight against cancer and that Warburg was decades ahead of his time in linking the absence of oxygen - and the fermentation of sugar - with cancerous activity.

From the Paper
"The following paper will explore and assess the contributions of Dr. Otto Warburg to contemporary theories on cancer therapy. To be more specific, the next several pages will illuminate how Dr. Warburg's assertion that lack of oxygen augments the citric acid cycle and therefore facilitates..."

Tags:oxygen, cancer, procreation

Abstract
This paper gives general information about colon cancer including its signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The paper defines colon cancer (also called colorectal or large bowel cancer) as cancerous growths in the colon and the rectum.

Outline:
Signs and Symptoms
Causes/ Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment

From the Paper
"When colon cancer is suspected, barium enema x-ray or colonoscopy is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis and to find out the exact location of the tumor. For the barium enema x-ray, the patient is given an enema with white chalky liquid containing barium; it helps to outline the large intestine, and the tumors are then detectable as dark shadows on the x-rays. Colonoscopy consists of a procedure in which a long flexible tube is inserted via the rectum for inspecting the inside of the colon. If colon polyps are found, they are removed through the colonoscope and examined in the lab for cancer and for pre-cancerous growth ("Colon Cancer" Mayo Clinic, 2008). "

Tags:colorectal, bowel

Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal that hypothesizes that individuals at high risk for CRC will benefit from lifestyle counseling by possibly prevent a cancerous event. The paper relates that lifestyle choices are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC); therefore, preventive measures, which address this type of cancer are a realistic public health goal. The paper concludes with an explanation of the research methodology, including a sample of the questions and the funding position for the study.

Table of Contents:
Background
Study Purpose and Significance
A Literature Review
Research Methodology
Samples Questions
Benchmarks
Budget Proposal - Program Appropriations
Funded Positions

From the Paper
"Preventive measures that address cancer of the colon and rectum are a realistic public health goal. The success of lifestyle counseling in addition to traditional treatment can be seen in Euroaction, the largest research project to be undertaken by the European Society of Cardiology. Euroaction is a cluster randomized controlled trial of six European countries, which has shown positive results utilizing interventions that focus on lifestyle counseling . Fifty five percent of the study participants who were in high risk categories for cardiovascular disease reduced their saturated fat intake, and 72% increased their fruit and vegetable consumption."

Tags:fiber, geographical disparity, transtheoretical model, bivariate analysis, colonoscopies

Abstract
This paper is an incomplete presentation of a series of monographs for carcinogens. All carcinogens chosen were chosen based on being carcinogenic components of cigarette smoking. Two Group One carcinogens - Benzene and Radon were chosen, two group two carcinogens - formaldehyde and acrylonitrile were also chosen. Each were discussed in this paper based on chemical use, derivation (natural or synthetic), safety levels, results of acute exposure and results of cumulative exposure.

From the Paper
"The following monograms are all cancerous agents from Group 1, Group 2 and Group 2B carcinogens that result from tobacco smoke ("Tobacco smoke, 1999). Group 1 - Benzene, CAS# 71-43-2 Chemical uses. Benzene is used in many industries as a solvent and chemical additive, ranging from the rubber and oil industries to shoe manufacturers and chemical plants ("Benzene," 2006). Benzene is also a component of many consumer goods, primarily as a solvent, such as glues, art supplies of varying kinds, glues, paint strippers as well as various detergents and other cleaning supplies ("Benzene," 2006). How developed. Benzene is a colorless, highly flammable liquid formed from natural processes such as forest fires and volcanoes ("Benzene," 2006). For over 150 years, however, benzene has been produced commercially from coal and more recently petroleum."

Tags:carcinogens, chemicals, monograph

Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.

Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."

Tags:African-American, women, breast, cancer, tumor, treatment, detection

Abstract
The paper reveals that cancer of the throat can be caused by a virus or by lifestyle habits such as a long history of smoking or excessive alcohol intake. The paper relates that when a virus is involved, the prevalence is much higher for women whose cancer develops because of an infection with papillomavirus (HPV), which is the same virus that causes cancer of the cervix (American Cancer Society, 2007). The paper points out that when throat cancer is not caused by smoking and alcohol, the prognosis is good with radiation therapy, and the likelihood of the cancer returning and leading to death is reduced for patients whose cancer originates with a virus (American Cancer Society, 2007).

From the Paper
"Cancer of the throat can be caused by a virus or by lifestyle habits such as a long history of smoking or excessive alcohol intake. When a virus is involved, the prevalence is much higher for women whose cancer develops because of an infection with papillomavirus (HPV), which is the same virus that causes cancer of the cervix (American Cancer Society, 2007). When throat cancer is not caused by smoking and alcohol, the prognosis is good with radiation therapy. The likelihood of the cancer returning and leading to death is reduced for patients whose cancer originates with a virus (American Cancer Society, 2007)."

Tags:cancer, assistive, devices

Abstract
The paper relates that the most common type of cervical cancer is squamous cervical cancer; another is adenocarcinoma1 cancer. The paper looks at how Lippman and Meblnychuk (2007) point out that cervical cancer is marked by a gradual progressive course which can be arrested at several stages. The paper notes that while cervical cancer is not an epidemic in Canada, it is the 13th most common cause of all cancer-related deaths.

From the Paper
"The most common type of cervical cancer is squamous cervical cancer; another is adenocarcinoma1 cancer. Lippman and Meblnychuk (2007) point out that cervical cancer is marked by a gradual progressive course which can be arrested at several stages. Cervical cancer is not an epidemic in Canada, but it is the 13th most common cause of all cancer-related deaths (van Zyl & Wooltorton, 2007). Cervical cancer is epidemic in certain parts of the world and complicated with other conditions such as HIV. Present rates of mortality from..."

Tags:cancer, incidence, prevalence

Abstract
This paper discusses prostate cancer screening based on PSA or prostate-specific antigen. It further shows how results are used to determine if a man is at high risk for prostate cancer. According to the paper, a value higher than 4.0 is positive and indicates the possibility of cancer; it is negative if less than 4.0. The paper also points out the problems with PSA screening, which include the lack of consensus between the American Cancer Society which recommends annual prostate cancer screening and other organizations such as the US Preventive Services Task Force which advices against cancer screening.

From the Paper
"Coverage of PSA Tests PSA or prostate-specific antigen is used for its predictive value of prostate cancer in men. Basically a value higher than 4.0 is positive and indicates the possibility of cancer; it is negative if less than 4.0. (Thompson, 2006). One of the serious problems with PSA screening is the lack of consensus between the American Cancer Society which recommends annual prostate cancer screening and other organizations such as the US Preventive Services Task Force which advices against cancer screening..."

Tags:psa, cancer, ohip

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment for women with ovarian cancer, the fourth leading cause of death among women. The paper discusses five aspects: (1) genetic research pertaining to ovarian cancer; (2) the development of new and accurate detection; (3) physical and psychological treatment for those afflicted; (4) the factor of multiple cancers, along with ovarian cancer; and (5) potential developments to slow ovarian cancer causes.
Abstract
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The very word "cancer" brings a chill to any woman who has undergone a test and is confirmed to be at risk, or actually found to have a tumor or tumors. As long as various aspects of research- from hereditary factors to genetics to new surgical and chemical procedures are found, there are also bound to be some who feel that their "discoveries" provide a quick fix, without proper substantiation."

Tags:breast, uterus, cancer, carcinogen, therapy, chemo, treatment, tumors, surgery, genetics, gene, research