Abstract
This case study essay first gives an overview of the patient's pertinent history and medical information. The paper then discusses the clinical diagnosis of the cancer and examines the anatomy of the prostate. Also discussed, are the pathology of prostate cancer, the role of imaging modalities in its diagnosis, its treatment, and prognosis. This paper also includes illustrations to accompany the data.


Table of Contents:
Case History
Clinical Diagnosis
Anatomy
MRI & CT Images of Normal Prostate and Prostatic Cancer
Pathology
Role of Imaging Modalities in the Diagnosis
1. Distant Staging
a. Radionuclide bone scan
b. Computerized tomography
2. Local Staging
Treatment
1. Surgery
a. Pelvic lymphadenectomy
b. Radical prostatectomy
c. Transurethral resection of the prostate
2. Radiation therapy
3. Hormone therapy
4. New types of treatment
a. Cryosurgery
b. Chemotherapy
c. Biologic therapy
d. High-intensity focused ultrasound
Prognosis of Prostate Cancer
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRSI) "is an MRI technique that attempts to identify cancer through the assessment of tissue metabolites" (Taneja 2004) such as citrate, choline and creatinine. Normal prostate gland contains low levels of choline and high levels of citrate, whereas prostate cancer lesions demonstrate high levels of choline and decreased levels of citrate. The high choline levels in cancer are related to increased cell turnover in proliferating malignant tissue. The citrate level is diminished or undetectable because of a conversion from citrate-producing to citrate-oxidating metabolism. Therefore, there is an increased choline-citrate ratio. Suspicious voxels have the ratio of choline and creatine to citrate at least 2 SD higher than the average ratio for the normal peripheral zone, whereas very suspicious voxels have a ratio that is greater than 3 standard deviations above the normal average."

Tags:cancer, transrectal ultrasound, clinical examination, surgery prostatectomy, Pelvic lymphadenectomy

Abstract
This paper discusses prostate cancer screening based on PSA or prostate-specific antigen. It further shows how results are used to determine if a man is at high risk for prostate cancer. According to the paper, a value higher than 4.0 is positive and indicates the possibility of cancer; it is negative if less than 4.0. The paper also points out the problems with PSA screening, which include the lack of consensus between the American Cancer Society which recommends annual prostate cancer screening and other organizations such as the US Preventive Services Task Force which advices against cancer screening.

From the Paper
"Coverage of PSA Tests PSA or prostate-specific antigen is used for its predictive value of prostate cancer in men. Basically a value higher than 4.0 is positive and indicates the possibility of cancer; it is negative if less than 4.0. (Thompson, 2006). One of the serious problems with PSA screening is the lack of consensus between the American Cancer Society which recommends annual prostate cancer screening and other organizations such as the US Preventive Services Task Force which advices against cancer screening..."

Tags:psa, cancer, ohip

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses a 2006 study showing that capsaicin dramatically reduced prostate cancer in mice that were engineered to produce human prostate cancer cell lines.

From the Paper
"The prostate gland is located under the bladder in men and is wrapped around a portion of the urethra. This gland secretes twenty percent of men's semen. Prostrate cancer is more common in men over forty-five than in younger men and ..."

Tags:capsaicin, prostate cancer

Abstract
This paper discusses prostate cancer, what can be done to prevent it through diet and weight control, and how it is diagnosed.

From the Paper
"Prostate cancer is a disease that affects only males, usually occurring in older men. The estimated new cases of prostate cancer total ... and the number of anticipated deaths total ... according to the National Cancer Institute web site. The three important factors that have a bearing on whether a man develops prostate cancer are age, family history and race, these are all factors over which men have no control, however..."

Tags:prostate cancer, diagnosis, prevention, symptoms, prostate exam, vitamins, diet, weight

Abstract
This paper discusses and evaluates the research reported in a newspaper article entitled "Pomegranate Juice may Pack Anti-Prostate Cancer Punch." The article reports on a laboratory study on the topic. The article is critical of the validity of the findings.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to discuss the research reported in the following newspaper article 'Pomegranate juice may pack anti prostate cancer punch.' (The Bradenton Herald) In this newspaper article Fauber September discusses a study conducted at the University of Wisconsin which indicated that in laboratory studies of cultures and more recently of mice, pomegranates appear to have the effects of slowing the growth of..."

Tags:healthcare research, pomegranate jiuce, cancer, mice, prostate cancer, PSA

Abstract
In this article the writer discusses prostate cancer. The writer also examines some of the biochemical research that is being carried out to try and determine the causes of this type of cancer. The paper looks at the oxidative stress on cells and the effects of androgen. The writer discusses NSAID-associated gene protein and some of the multi-drug resistance associated proteins.

From the Paper
"Prostate cancer is a disease of aging brought about by changes in cellular biochemistry which result in an imbalance in the pro oxidant-antioxidant balance and in the cellular response to androgen which this brings about. Many advanced cases of prostate cancer become resistant to chemotherapy making the prognosis for those men dismal. It has been shown ... "

Tags:prostate cancer, androgens, prooxidant-antioxidant balance, multidrug resistance associated protein, NSAID- associated gene protein

Abstract
This paper is an informational essay on prostate cancer, describing the symptoms, staging, grading, and treatment options for the disease.

From the Paper
"Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in America and affects one of every six men. In fact, a man is more likely to get prostate cancer than a woman is to get breast cancer, and a nonsmoking man is more likely to develop prostate cancer than he is to develop colon, bladder, melanoma, lymphoma or kidney cancer combined. The Prostate Cancer Foundation estimates that more than ... million men currently have prostate cancer and predicts that in ... over new..."

Tags:prostate cancer, staging, symptoms, treatment, grading

Abstract
The paper discusses how prostate cancer not only produces a significant impact on men who are diagnosed but also on their partners and the marital relationship. The paper further discusses how the diagnosis also is a source of impact. The writer argues that while the couple should be considered as the unit of care, in reality this rarely is the case, and the wife's needs, especially in relation to information, tend to be ignored. This paper examines the Calgary Family Assessment Model and various assessment tools to demonstrate how nursing management involving the couple and extended family can be highly effective.

Tags:cancer, coping, information

Abstract
This paper reminds us that even though cancer causes many deaths throughout the world, most causes of this devastating disease are unknown. Current research is now looking at genetic causation, which may lead to cures. The author discusses in detail cancer classifications that have a genetic link: Breast cancer, colorectal, mutations in tumor suppressor genes, childhood carcinomas and many other cancers. The author comments that there appears to be a lack of a genetic link between minority and white populations; therefore, the higher rates of cancer among minorities may be due to familial causes: Environment, occupation or environment.

From the Paper
"A gene mutation in BNC1 has been identified in glioma, a brain cancer; the inactivation of the gene may advance the malignant nature of tumors. Glioma is the leading killer of children with cancer. Brain tumors spread faster then other tumors. BNC1 may also be involved in the development of other tumors. An additional gene has been found that may be involved in multiple forms of cancer. The gene, MMAC1 or PTEN is found along chromosome 10. Two research teams working on separate cancer types found this gene. The brain tumor with involvement of this gene is glioblastoma multiforme, which is responsible for 5,000-6,000 deaths per year. As stated above, this gene is also seen in cases of breast cancer. The mutation was also found in melanoma, kidney and prostate cancer. The non-mutated form of the gene seems to act as a tumor suppressor, and the gene may determine malignancy in tumors as well. A rare genetic disorder called Bloom's syndrome combines chromosomal instability and a high rate of neoplasia. Increased recombination along with mutation may cause the increased rate of neoplasia. A study on twins gives information on genetic links to cancer. Results of this study suggest a genetic link for the following cancers: colon and rectum in males, female breast cancer and in situ cervical cancer, prostate cancer, and total cancer. The only cancer listed without a heritable link was lung cancer in both males and females."

Tags:breast, colorectal, childhood, prostate, kidney

Abstract
The paper examines the study that strove to reveal whether or not biological aging - as measured by age of diagnosis for various common cancers - is socio-economically patterned. The paper explains that it was a cross-sectional analysis of the association between "an area-based measure of material deprivation and age at diagnosis of four common cancers (breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers); a further analysis, restricted to breast and colorectal cancer, adjusted for stage and grade of cancer at diagnosis" (Adams et al, 2005).

From the Paper
"Adams, J., White, M., & Forman, D. (2005). "Is the rate of biological aging, as measured by age at diagnosis of cancer, socio-economically patterned?" Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59(2): 146-151. The paper above strove to reveal whether or not biological aging - as measured by age of diagnosis for various common cancers - is socio-economically patterned. The study above was a cross-sectional analysis of the association between "an area-based measure of material deprivation and age at diagnosis of four common cancers (breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers); a further analysis, restricted to breast..."

Tags:human, biology, cancer