Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment for women with ovarian cancer, the fourth leading cause of death among women. The paper discusses five aspects: (1) genetic research pertaining to ovarian cancer; (2) the development of new and accurate detection; (3) physical and psychological treatment for those afflicted; (4) the factor of multiple cancers, along with ovarian cancer; and (5) potential developments to slow ovarian cancer causes.
Abstract
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The very word "cancer" brings a chill to any woman who has undergone a test and is confirmed to be at risk, or actually found to have a tumor or tumors. As long as various aspects of research- from hereditary factors to genetics to new surgical and chemical procedures are found, there are also bound to be some who feel that their "discoveries" provide a quick fix, without proper substantiation."

Tags:breast, uterus, cancer, carcinogen, therapy, chemo, treatment, tumors, surgery, genetics, gene, research

Abstract
This paper poses several research questions related to ovarian cancer. The author systematically tries to determine if there is a connection between race, socioeconomic background and the detection of ovarian cancer. The paper includes a brief review of current literature.

From the Paper
"Researchers in the field of cancer study generally agree that cancer research is lacking on the issue of socioeconomic status as many research studies are limited in the way they obtain samples participants, often those of the white middle class are chosen through sample collection. In one article this is stated case of the researchers, as the generalization and therefore validity can only be obtained through the small subset of patients in the survey, in this case about social support and cancer, and white middle class women with breast cancer. "

Tags:ovarian, cancer, African-American, women, Caucasian, women, early, detection, socioeconomic

Abstract
This paper explains that ovarian cancer is the 'Silent Killer' because, 70 to 75% of the time, by the time the cancer is discovered, it has spread to other areas of the body, especially into the abdomen. By then, it is too late to hope for a recovery. The author points out that abdominal swelling, abdominal or pelvic pain, and a feeling of fullness are some of the symptoms of ovarian cancer, which are common symptoms to many other disorders; therefore, doctors, presented with these symptoms immediately should perform a pelvic and recto-vaginal examination, order some blood tests including CA125, and order a transvaginal ultrasound examination. The paper relates that, although the direct cause of ovarian cancer is not known, some of the major risk factors are family history and breast cancer at an early age; other factors are menopause, obesity, early menarche, late first pregnancy, the use of clomiphene citrate to encourage pregnancy, and infertility.

From the Paper
"Sometimes it so happens that the cancerous cells break away from the original tumor and end up in another entirely different part of the body. This process is known as 'metastasis'. Many different kinds of tumors can be formed within the ovaries of a woman, in fact more than thirty known types. However, ovarian cancers are generally divided into three main categories, according to the type of cells that formed them, which are epithelial cancers, that are the most common form of ovarian cancers, and which are formed from the various cells that line or cover the ovaries. The second broad category of ovarian cancer is the germ cell cancer, which in other words means that this cancer starts from germ cells within the ovaries."

Tags:laparotomy, ultrasound, gene, breast, surgery

Abstract
This paper will discuss Ovarian Cancer: the types, the treatments and the ways that it is being dealt with in the medical community at large. An analysis of several cases wiill help us to see how this disease survives and under what conditions its works. The main objective of this paper will be to understand the disease of Ovarian Cancer and to uncover its many facets in the medical world.

Abstract
This paper describes ovarian cancer - a serious health issue for women. The writer explains that it is often fatal, mainly due to the fact that there are often no symptoms so it is generally diagnosed rather late. Such symptoms as are most common are discussed, and the paper also explains the methods of treatment available.

From the Paper
''Third, there are no early stage symptoms agreed-upon by doctors that could indicate the cancer, so most women are completely unaware that there is any problem until it gets much worse. To be fair, there are some symptoms that women can look for. These include bloating, abdominal or pelvic pain, frequent and/or urgent urination, and difficulty eating because one feels very full very quickly (MedicineNet, 2009). However, these were only agreed upon in 2007 and not all doctors feel that these are the best markers of ovarian cancer (MedicineNet, 2009). A lot of women experience at least the first two of these symptoms quite often during their menstrual cycle, and the others are not that uncommon, either. Women cannot be running to the doctor every time they have one small symptom, but a group of symptoms that appears and is persistent is certainly worth checking out, if only to provide peace of mind for a woman who may be worried about whether she has cancer or something much more benign (MedicineNet, 2009).
''Like many other cancers, ovarian cancer does seem to have some genetic link. In other words, if a lot of people in a family have had cancer, of any kind, other people in that family are more likely to have it, too. This means that women with strong family histories of cancer will want to get checkups more often, pay more attention to their bodies and any kinds of symptoms that they have, and get any tests that their doctor feels will help to detect cancer at an earlier stage if it is present. There is only so much that one can do about ovarian cancer, since cancer is not yet a disease that medicine has learned how to prevent (MedicineNet, 2009). Cancer is becoming more and more treatable if it is caught early, however, so paying attention to one's body and any unusual and persistent symptoms is something that everyone should be aware of. This is true of ovarian cancer, and of all other types of cancers, as well.''

Tags:symptoms, medicine, benign

Abstract
This study provides a clearer understanding of this mysterious killer disease, through a familiarization on how it occurs, the mechanism and factors involved, and recent and significant discoveries to its management and approach. This study uses mainly the descriptive-normative method in collecting information from existing studies, reports, and articles gathered and interpreting their data. Information includes statistics from medical and scientific journals and the National Cancer Institute. It summarizes and crystallizes the findings of these sources in achieving above-stated objectives.

From the Paper
"Cancer is a malignant neoplasm or new growth of cells, which, unlike normal cells, have less or lost differentiation among themselves and now spread out and tend to invade surrounding tissues waywardly and at greater speed (Lexico Publishing Group LLC 2004). Cell mutation happens when there is a change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA coding for a specific gene or in the physical arrangement of its chromosomes. That change may be harmful, beneficial or neutral and inherited as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked traits. Medical experts agree that many cancer-predisposing mutations are autosomal dominant, wherein cancer susceptibility occurs. A person may have an autosomal dominant mutated gene without getting sick but simply as a carrier (National Cancer Institute 2003)."

Tags:medical, mutation, cell, gene

Abstract
This paper discusses how income can influence the care of cancer patients. According to the paper, those in higher income groups have greater access to better treatment and care. This paper extends to peer-reviewed studies of ovarian cancer in African-American and white women in general. The paper aims to isolate case studies and scientific investigations that provide additional insights into the guiding research questions concerning the impact of income level on access to chemotherapy treatment for ovarian cancer.

Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Methodology

From the Paper
"Furthermore, researchers report that ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among all female reproductive system cancers among African American women because the disease is not diagnosed in most cases until it has reached advanced stages; fortunately, though, there are promising clinical trials underway that focus on chemotherapy (Health hotline, 2003). Clearly, then, early detection and treatment are vital components of an effective clinical intervention, but healthcare resources are by definition scarce and therefore can be reasonably expected to go to those who have the ability to pay for them. Indeed, lower-income women in general do not have access to the same level of medical care, nor can they always afford to take time off from work, if they are employed, to seek such care, as their white middle-class counterparts (Kinnon, 1999). "

Tags:economic, medical, insurance, single, parent, ovarian

Abstract
This paper explains that lycopene has the highest oxygen-quenching capacity, meaning that it is the strongest antioxidant and is twice as strong as beta carotene at neutralizing free radicals. The author points out that tomato products, including tomato ketchup, apricots, watermelons, pink grapefruit, and pink guavas are the best sources lycopene. The paper relates the various health benefits of lycopene may impact positively chronic health concerns that are important to women, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, cardiovascular disease, preeclampsia, vision problems, and diabetes mellitus.

Table of Contents
Introduction
About Lycopene
Potential Health Benefits
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Many of the reported health benefits of lycopene are related to its ability to protect cells against oxidative damage. While there has been considerably less research focusing on lycopene compared to other carotenoids, studies suggest that lycopene is a more potent forager of oxygen radicals than other major dietary carotenoids. According to Whole Health MD (2000), "The basic science of lycopene is currently being established along with efforts toward evidence-based human intervention studies. Several studies have reported anticancer effects of lycopene in cell culture where lycopene has demonstrated antiproliferative effects.""

Tags:antioxygen, radicals, neutralizing, tomato, women

Abstract
In this paper, the writer looks at genetic testing from different angles, including people's stories and personal interviews with doctors. The focus of the paper is how effective genetic testing is on cancer, especially ovarian and breast cancer.

From the Paper
"Research has defined family history as playing a major risk factor in the development of this deadly disease. They have identified two specific genes, the BRCA -1 and BRCA-2, that are believed to be responsible for ovarian cancer and can be identified through genetic testing. This gene's are specific genes coded for Breast Cancer, but have recently shown proof of also being the coded gene's for ovarian cancer. Because of these findings doctors are pressuring people to have genetic testing done, especially if you are a first degree relative of a daughter, sister or mother who has previously been diagnosed with ovarian cancer."

Tags:breast, detection, diseases, early, genetics, heritable, ovarian

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that mutations of the BRCA1 are known to be a cause in early onset breast-ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. The writer describe and experiment that aimed to sequence the exon containing the BRCA1 gene in order to identify disease causing mutations and then clone the gene to accept or reject heterozygosity shown in the sequence on the chromatogram. Salivary DNA was collected, amplified, and sequenced so that the sequence of the chromatogram obtained could be compared with the normal sequence to identify the positions of mutations. The writer discusses that the results obtained helped identify mutations and how to find their positions so that a better understanding of gene mutations and how to find them is acquired. The writer concludes that with the growing knowledge of gene mutations this brings us one step closer to finding a cure.

Abstract
Introduction
Rationale Aims
Materials and Methods
Collection of Salivary DNA
Purification of Human Genomic DNA
PCR Amplification of Exon in the BRCA1 Gene
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis/QIAquick PCR Purification
DNA Sequencing Reactions
Sequencing Reaction Cleanup
PCR Amplicon Sequencing Analysis
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part One)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 2)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 3)
PCR Amplification of Cloned Exons
Cloned Sequence Reactions
Trouble shooting
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of PCR Trouble Shoot
Results
References

From the Paper
"The BRCA1 gene was initially discovered in 1990 by Mary-Claire King, however, it wasn't until 1994 that a team of scientists located and amplified the gene. The reason why it took so long to locate the gene was due the fact that it only accounts for only 5% of all breast Cancer Cases. The gene is 100kb long and is located on the long arm of chromosome 17 at locus q21. It is a tumor suppressor gene which, with the interaction of other tumor suppressor genes, helps repair damaged DNA and control cell growth, therefore, keeping genomic stability.
"In response to damage BRCA1 produces a product which is activated and interacts with the BRCA2 and RAD51 to repair the broken DNA. The BRCA2 gene in another gene which when mutated causes breast cancer in men and women whereas BRCA1 only causes breast cancer in women."

Tags:tumor, gene, mutation, breast, cancer, DNA