Abstract
The paper contends that the treatment of Japanese Canadians by the Canadian government during and after World War II was deplorable. The paper then discusses how the Canadian government acknowledged the racist character of these policies in 1988 and offered redress to the Japanese Canadian population.

From the Paper
"Japanese Canadians during the Second World War were forced to contend with a decades-old torrent of racial discrimination that culminated in their internment and forced labor by the Canadian government. The treatment of Japanese Canadians during this period appears particularly cruel-even sinister-when one considers that of the Canadians evacuated from the Pacific Coast of Canada, most were Canadian-born and naturalized Canadian citizens."

Tags:japanese canadians, world war II, internment, deportation, War Measures Act

Abstract
This paper discusses racial issues in Canada. Specifically, it looks at demonizing and criminalizing African-Canadians. The paper argues that this criminalizing makes sense according to conflict theory. In other words, it argues that African-Canadians are being criminalized and demonized in order to maintain the status quo.

From the Paper
"Demonizing and Criminalizing African-Canadians Gang Related Shootings in Toronto In the article We Know the Numbers Linda Diebel looks at a possibly gang related shooting that took place at the funeral of Jamal Hemmings (Diebel 2005: A.08). According to Diebel there have been 48 shooting deaths in Toronto this year (Diebel 2005: A.08). The high number of deaths caused by these shootings has made youth violence a major issue in Toronto. This is because 40 of the people that died were under 30 years of age (Diebel 2005: A.08). The fact that the victims and their killers were almost entirely youths made people think that there was really something wrong with young people in Toronto."

Tags:demonizing, african, canadians

Abstract
The study takes a broad exploratory approach to studying issues of identity in the Japanese community in Canada. Chapter I traces the historical settlement of Japanese-Canadians in Canada with reference to how Canada?s changing attitudes on dealing with immigrants has affected the way in which Japanese-Canadians perceive themselves. Chapter II researches the relationship between language and identity. Chapter III looks at two types of modern day Japanese in Canada. First, a young student studying at MIT is used as a real life case study. Second, various fictional depictions of Japanese-Canadians are used to delve deeper into issues of Japanese identity. The subject matter has not yet been specifically covered in detail by academia (although it has rather more so by fictional writing). Available sources are analyzed closely to try to uncover trends in identity. Sources used vary from academic works (both Japanese and Canadian) on history, sociology, politics, linguistics and psychology; through to personal journal entries and fictional works concerning Japanese identity written by Japanese-Canadian authors.

Introduction
The History Of Japanese-Canadians & Canadian Immigration Policy 1877-2003
The Relationship Between Language And The Formation Of Ethnic Identity
The Real And Illusory Modern Japanese-Canadian
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Thus, using Bourdieu's analysis, it is theoretically possible to apply it to the situation of Japanese-Canadians to try to delve deeper into their ethnic self-identity and individual make-up. However, there are various flaws when trying to apply Bourdieu's work. First, Bourdieu interviewed his participants in some depth for his study in order to get a detailed profile of each. This variety of data about Japanese-Canadians is not currently available for this thesis and would need to be obtained first-hand (see "Recommendations" in Conclusion). Second, and more importantly, it is not possible to apply the same analysis intended for a Western, European nation such as France to a complex, Oriental nation such as Japan that prides itself on its "unique" ethnic identity and 90% middle-class (which, if true, renders analysis using economic capital as a variable useless anyhow)."

Tags:conformity, deviance, family, group, individualism, society

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the threat the new national security regime poses to Canadians. In particular, the writer reviews the Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Agency of Canada (PSEPC) and looks also at the Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) with an "eye" towards assessing the ways in which these organizations can be said to be infringing upon the privacy of Canadians and whether this infringement is justifiable. In addition, the writer looks at the Canadian Constitution and how the new security regime has the potential to derogate section 7 and 8 privacy guarantees unless Canadian judges are vigilant in ensuring that the reasons for any surveillance are compelling and satisfy the "reasonable limitations" standard established in section 1 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In the end, the writer agrees with Michael Powers that the new security regime bears with it certain undeniable risks to privacy protections.

From the Paper
"National security has rarely been more controversial or important than it has been over the last few years in the wake of 9/11 and the grim realization that terrorism can now strike North America just as it can strike anywhere else. With that in mind, the following paper ..."

Tags:national, security, Canada

Abstract
This paper describes the history of the Lebanese immigration to Montreal, Canada, and the divisions within this community. Lebanese-Canadians have adopted and yet modified the city through political participation, the author points out, by utilizing a range of activities from voting, campaigning and influencing government as a result of joining with partisan organizations to seek elective office. The paper relates the ways that Lebanese-Canadians built links to the various other cultural groups within the general Canadian society.

From the Paper
"Lebanese -Canadians built political acceptance through a variety of means. One of the most important was the connection they established with Catholics in the region, particularly the Irish. The Irish had won the battle before them for Catholic political and social acceptance. Through the Irish and other Catholics the Lebanese were able to establish institutional, kinship, and educational links to other Canadians. Upward social mobility through business and education was also very important. Wealth may be translated into political power and community service."

Tags:affiliation native-born, kinship links, reshape, high socioeconomic status

Abstract
This paper discusses the conflict between English and French Canadians as a key element of Canadian history. While the focus of the paper examines the years 1760 - 1867, a general discussion of events leading to the fall of New France is relevant and is included. The paper contends that French and English conflict in the new world, specifically in what is now officially Canada, has a long and volatile history, dating back to the emergence of an English fur trade in what is now known as the Hudson's Bay. The paper traces the nature of this conflict, roughly from the fall of New France to the English through to Canadian Confederation in 1867. Included in this discussion of the English - French conflict is the fur trade, the treaty of Utrecht, the lower Canadian rebellions and the Quebec Act.

From the Paper
"Tensions between New France and the English colonies on the North American continent began to escalate when King Charles II gave the Hudson's Bay Company exclusive trading rights and property ownership to Rupert's Land. This vast area included all the lands within the area drained by the rivers flowing into both Hudson and James Bays.1 This tension became open conflict, punctuated with several cease-fires, between 1689 and the fall of New France in 1760. Even in the post conquest era, conflict continued between English Canadians and French Canadians. In the twenty-first century contemporary Canadian politicians grapple with the issue of Quebec sovereignty."

Tags:fur, hudson, quebec, rebellions, utrecht

Abstract
The paper asserts that the positive and negative experiences of the characters found in the writings of Ricci and Hill provide hope and despair for the racial and technological tragedies of Canadians during the Civil Rights Era and the age of space exploration. The paper posits that the experiences of these characters reflected a greater Canadian cultural reaction to various historic events, and so these writers clearly describe the fears and hopes of people in their literary writings.

Tags:hill, ricci, canada

Abstract
The paper provides a review of Tyson & Martin (2001 - 3rd edition) "Personal Finance for Canadians for Dummies" that stresses the soundness of a volume that stresses everyone's ability to manage; how to avoid common errors as in consumer debt; the genuine nature of the financial services sector; how to avoid get rich quick schemes and especially, a false orientation of valuing income, savings and wealth, ahead of all else.

From the Paper
"Eric Tyson and Tony Martin have written a very balanced and easy to read volume for the Canadian reader who is expected to have no particular knowledge of finance. (2001: 3-4) "Personal Finance for Canadians for Dummies" seems excellent reading for late 2008, given the New York financial collapse that many Canadians did not foresee, the promise of a perhaps global recession forcing many Canadians to think about their financial situations, learn how to cope with losses, and prepare for a different kind of material future."

Tags:tyson/martin, 3rd edition cda, personal finance for dummies

Abstract
This study takes an unusual, exploratory approach to studying issues of identity in the Japanese community in Canada. It looks at two types of modern day Japanese in Canada. First, a young student studying at MIT is used as a real life case study. Second, various fictional depictions of Japanese-Canadians are used to delve deeper into issues of Japanese identity.

From the Paper
"Thus, using Bourdieu's analysis, it is theoretically possible to apply it to the situation of Japanese-Canadians to try to delve deeper into their ethnic self-identity and individual make-up. However, there are various flaws when trying to apply Bourdieu's work. First, Bourdieu interviewed his participants in some depth for his study in order to get a detailed profile of each. This variety of data about Japanese-Canadians is not currently available for this study and would need to be obtained first-hand. Second, and more importantly, it is not possible to apply the same analysis intended for a Western, European nation such as France to a complex, Oriental nation such as Japan that prides itself on its "unique" ethnic identity and 90% middle-class (which, if true, renders analysis using economic capital as a variable useless anyhow)."

Tags:botchan, joy, kogawa, natsume, obasan, soseki

Abstract
This paper examines the writings of Suzanne Morton. In her writing Morton mainly focuses on the roles of gender, the family, class, and social values. This focus is reflected in many of her publishing's such as: "Managing the Unmarried Mother", "Gender, Place and Region", and "To take an Orphan". Morton's strong focus on gender and class is heavily displayed in her book "At odds: Gambling and Canadians 1919-1969", which the author of this paper uses in order to examine Mortons' ideas and philosophy.

From the Paper
"Throughout At Odds Suzanne Morton uses various sources, primary and secondary, in order to properly establish her ideas. Most commonly for primary support, I found that Morton uses newspapers, and magazines from the specific time period she is discussing. The newspaper Vancouver Sun was used an amplitude of times, as well as the popular Canadian magazine, Saturday Night, which was a strong supporter of elite racetracks and also the legalization of some smaller forms of gambling. The use of magazines and newspapers truly shows how gambling was such a common issue. This is very pertinent to the main thesis of the novel because it shows how gambling was about so much more than gambling itself, as it was discussed in common mediums. All the complex social issues that gambling related to made it a popular topic for debate, and general gossip."

Tags:gambling canada recreation poverty crime bets, great depression, bingo sweepstakes