Abstract
This essay discusses three short stories, which are "Canadian Experience" by A. Clarke, "How are You?" by M. Mallet and "Sophie" by E. Carr. The author explains who or what is responsible for the things that happen to the three main characters in the stories. The paper relates that two stories are about immigrants and the third story is about a native Canadian, people who are minorities and vulnerable.

From the Paper
"This essay looks at three characters from three different stories and examines who or what is responsible for what happens to each of them. The essay also shows to what extent what happens to the three of them and who/what is responsible is similar and to what extent it is different for each of the three. The stories chosen for the essay are: "Canadian Experience" written by Austin Clarke, "How are you?" written by Marilu Mallet and "Sophie" by Emily Carr. The main characters in all of the three stories have one thing in common: they are `minorities', at least in one sense."

Tags:shortstories, canadianliterature, minorities

Abstract
The paper looks at whether or not the fragmentation of Canadian history has been bad for Canada - as noted historian Jack Granatstein suggests - or whether it has really been a boon for all those who believe that education should be about introducing new ideas and modes of thought to young Canadians. Ultimately, this writer takes the view that Granatstein's 1998 book, "Who Killed Canadian History?" raises some worthwhile points but fails to consider all the ways in which a new approach to teaching history has engaged minority students and compelled those in the majority to take a more thoughtful look at their own past.

From the Paper
"The last 40 years have been years of extraordinary change in Canada. This nation has seen its traditional Anglo-British base gradually give way to be replaced by a more "multi-cultural" mosaic at precisely the same time as traditional gender and racial stereotypes have been turned upside down. No less importantly, history departments across the land have gradually "fragmented," with feminist history, "gay" history, African-Canadian history, various branches of social history, and native history all pulling and tearing at the traditional, monolithic portrayal of the Canadian past which existed without challenge until the 1960s."

Tags:canadian, history, debate

Abstract
This paper explains that the attitude of Canadian public, which expects its government to solve its problems, grew out of the need to re-integrate soldiers after WWI and to deal with the ills of the Great Depression. The author points out that this attitude resulted in the state now having an enormous involvement in matters such as health care, unemployment insurance and social welfare benefits. The paper relates that the history of Canada since 1867 has been a process of steadily securing more and more sovereignty and power; however, new forces, chiefly globalization, are now at work and raise the specter that Canada could see its domestic writ subordinated to the writ of trade agreements, such as NAFTA. The author reports that land and governance issues appear to be the paramount concerns of the Canadian aboriginal people.

Table of Content
Changes in State since its Founding
Relationship between State and Society
Citizens' Trust in Government
Challenges to Canada's Sovereignty
Democratic Deficit
The Traditional Canada Political Culture
Traditional Functions of Canadian Political Parties
The Power of the Prime Minister
Canadian Elections
Canada's Constitution
The Parliament
Public Opinion Polling and the Media
The Role of Regionalism
Quebec and Federal-Provincial Relations
Canada's Aboriginal People
The Diminishment of the Welfare State
Influence of Big Business on Politics

From the Paper
"Most evidently, Quebec changed federal-provincial relations in the 1960s when it began to opt out of the conditions attached to federal grants, established its own pension plan, and argued for a larger voice for itself internationally. In that regard, the decision to give Quebec control over social programs has understandably made it easier for other provinces to demand the same thing. ... it is clear that other provinces are sufficiently compelled to argue for rights of their own, too. So, basically, the Canadian response to Quebec nationalism or to the new Francophone "consciousness" of the 1960s has been to give Quebec exceptional status and powers."

Tags:leader, quebec, alienation, voting, justices, minority

Abstract
This paper explains that the Canadian Federal Elections 2004, also called the 38th General Election, which were held on June 28, 2004, resulted in the Liberal government of Prime Minister Paul Martin losing its majority but still were able to form a minority government, being the single largest party. The author points out that the elections were preceded by a 36-day intensive election campaign, which was marked by the fact that all the leaders of the three major national parties were changed after the 37th General Elections of 2000. The paper relates that Prime Minister Paul Martin was expected to have an easy victory and form the fourth consecutive Liberal majority government, but the impact of sponsorship scandal reduced the margin of victory and the Liberals could not have a clear majority.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Issues
Gender Mix in Nomination
Seats Won
Division of Votes (%)

From the Paper
"The Conservative party leader was quite sanguine when he said: "We will accept the verdict of the Canadian people but will remind the government...they will be held accountable." The threat of the Conservative party was a Damocles' sword having over the head of the Liberal government. The Liberal win had the seeds of its own defeat in its victory. Historically, Canada had nine minority governments and none of them lasted for more than two years. These minority governments have been limited by their ability to get their bills passed. Stephen Harper, leader of the Conservative party, realized that Ontario is the most important province where he did not fare well."

Tags:majority, minority, women, scandal, provinces

Abstract
This paper looks at the evolution of the Canadian immigration policy since the Second World War. Specifically, it discusses the dramatic shift which took place in the 1960s as Canada began to move away from its old preferential immigration policy under the Pearson government. Further, the paper analyzes how political, economic and demographic factors created a remarkable amount of momentum for policies which opened the doors (and kept them open) for non-European arrivals from the latter 1960s onward.

From the Paper
"Lastly, Canada has moved substantially towards an immigration policy that permits family reunification for all immigrants - especially global south immigrants - with very few restrictions. In light of the fact that so many of today's immigrants are non-European (and, as noted previously, this has been the case since at least the middle-1970s), the end result is that this bit of Canadian policy-making has bolstered the already-high numbers of non-European groups within Canada. In the end, it would seem evident that successive Canadian governments - whether Conservative or Liberal - have embraced multicultural immigration because the swiftly-changing demographics of the land (and a new political landscape) leaves them no choice but to indulge non-Caucasian and non-European citizens."

Tags:refugee, migration, minority, native

Abstract
The paper discusses how gender discrimination and race discrimination still affect the work environment in Canadian organizations. The paper describes how today's workplace is becoming increasingly diverse; phenomena such as globalization, large-scale immigration, rising numbers of women in the workplace, and the increasing visibility of previously hidden minorities such as gays, lesbians and transsexuals, are all contributing to great and increasing diversity in the workplace. Yet, the paper argues that the leaders of most Canadian corporations still look exactly like the political leaders of Canada - Caucasian, grey-haired, heterosexual, average-weight, tall, suit-wearing, able-bodied, married, English-speaking men. The paper asserts that the fact that the ever-increasing diversity is so under-represented in positions of power reflects the powerful biases that exist in organizational cultures and serve to bar the rise of minorities of all kinds. This paper discusses discrimination in the workplace, and also its causes, as well as the consequences for Canadian business. The paper also makes suggestions as to how management can address these issues.

From the Paper
"Gender discrimination and race discrimination still affect the work environment in Canadian organizations. Today's workplace is becoming increasingly diverse. Phenomena such as globalization, large-scale immigration, rising numbers of women in the workplace, and the increasing..."

Tags:business, gender, race

Abstract
The writer discusses that although many Canadians are proud of living in the only country in the world that embraces multiculturalism as an official policy, the truth of the matter seems to be that many minorities still experience racist discrimination in various spheres of Canadian life. This literature review examines the literature on the subject of racism in Canadian education, to ascertain whether racism is in fact a problem in Canadian schools. A good place to start the literature review is to look at the broad picture of racism in Canada, and in particular at the theoretical concepts and discourses that have been used to examine this issue.

From the Paper
"Beiser et al. researched the effects and levels of stressors facing refugee Southeast Asian children in their new Canadian schools. They point out that many other studies have concluded that one of the most intense stresses such children have to cope with is the stress of fitting into these schools."

Tags:racism, education, canada

Abstract
The paper discusses how the Canadian system of universal health care, progressive taxation and less expensive educational system strives to maximize the value of the system for all citizens, not merely the wealthiest. The paper notes that its 'safety net' of benefits is not as extensive as those extended to citizens in many EU nations such as Sweden and it has displayed blindness regarding Native Americans, and religious and ethnic minorities in the past. The paper concludes, however, that Canada as a whole has shown a greater willingness to embrace equality as an ideal than the United States.

From the Paper
"A common misconception about Canada is that Canadians pay 'more' taxes than Americans do and have a poorer standard of living as a result. In fact, "the very rich in the United States pull up the income average much more than in Canada, while those at the bottom of the US income spectrum have less purchasing power than those in Canada" (Speirs 1999). A family making $60,000 or less has a higher standard of living in Canada than in the U.S., although individuals in the upper tiers of the tax brackets in Canada do pay more (Speirs 1999). There is also a national 'sales' or consumption tax, similar to Europe's VAT (value-added) tax in Canada, and higher estate taxes than the United States. Canada is also more willing to use public policy 'carrot' tax cuts to encourage good behavior, including a tax credit for using public transportation (About the tax credit for public transportation, 2009, Canadian government website)."

Tags:social, policy, benefits

Abstract
This paper analyses the 2005-2006 Canadian federal election in which the Conservative Party under Stephen Harper won a minority government by defeating the Liberal Party under Prime Minister Paul Martin, which had itself won a minority government just over a year before. The paper discusses how the lack of an overwhelming majority victory by any single political party in these elections means that the structure of the Canadian electoral system has a particularly significant impact upon the determination of which party will form the government and, perhaps more importantly, what policies will be implemented by that party.

Tags:election, 2006, canada

Abstract
This paper looks at whether or not the fragmentation of Canadian history over the course of time has been bad for Canada, as historian, Jack Granatstein suggests in his book "Who Killed Canadian History?" Ultimately, the author of the paper takes the view that Granatstein's book raises some worthwhile points, but fails to consider all the ways in which a new approach to teaching history has engaged minority students and compelled those in the majority to take a more thoughtful look at their own past.

From the Paper
"Additionally, critics of Granatstein's work argue that he fails to appreciate that the proper role of education is not simply to give students dry "facts" but to teach them the skills they need to critically assess those facts and to arrive at their own conclusions after systematically amassing and analyzing the available evidence. Suffice it to say, proper teaching (at least in the social sciences) is about having students critically engage the "big" questions which will eventually confront them as voting adults; it is not about giving them questions which have already been answered."

Tags:critics, multi-cultural, nation