Abstract
The paper relates that Canadians refer to Arctic Canada as an inland waterway, an archipelago of islands separated by the Northwest Passage, which is claimed by Canada. However, the U.S. and European powers assert that the Northwest Passage is an international sea route. The author points out that, if Canada cannot control and supervise shipping, then there is the likelihood of great environmental damage and the inability of Canada to ascertain if dangerous vessels are traversing the passage. The paper explains that the Inuit, who occupy the area claimed by the U.S as international waters, back the assertion of Canadian sovereignty and the enlargement ot the federal military and civilian administration roles in the Arctic. The author concludes that Canada is committed to the idea that the internationalization of the Northwest Passage represents serious liabilities for Canadians in the region, the environment and geo-political factors.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Meaning of Canadian Arctic Sovereignty
The American Perspective
Security and Defense
An Arctic, not Canadian Arctic Shipping Route
Last Remarks

From the Paper
"Prime Minister Stephen Harper's approach has repeated the sentiment of Professor McCrae, in Arctic sovereignty as something that Canada must 'use' or lose. Canadians living in southern areas, critical of the much increased military spending of Harper's government, are generally of kinds to forget the vital everyday roles played by the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) with regard to the Arctic region. Part of this military investment involves a strong effort to build up the visible CAF presence in the high Arctic, while expanding Arctic capabilities in defense, communications, search and rescue, and civilian services."

Tags:strategic, oil, diamond, inuit, ice, military

Abstract
This paper explains that the issues surrounding the massive Canadian Arctic region vary but have a direct impact on sovereignty and circumpolar cooperation of countries with respect to environmental issues. The paper then discusses these issues and how they put Canadian sovereignty at risk. The paper argues that must assert a presence in the Arctic region to prevent damage to a very sensitive and valuable ecosystem. By pressuring the international community not to make the Northwest Passage an international strait, Canada will achieve its goal.

From the Paper
"The idea of military influence in the north was not only seen in this era. The Cold War, in the post World War Two era focused on the two super powers of the United States and Soviet Union. Because of their nearness to one another circumpolarly, the United States developed the Distance Early Warning system, better known as DEW. The DEW system was a development of a series radar station in the far northern Arctic region of Canada, with additional stations along the North Coast and Alaska. It was set up to detect incoming Soviet bombers and missiles during the Cold War."

Tags:pipelines, non renewable resources, cooperation transboundary, boom bust cycle

Abstract
An analysis of this book which is a study of the Inuit people of Holman Island, a community in the Northwest Territories of Arctic Canada. It discusses how Condon analyzes their community, family life, relations with friends and peers, gender and sex issues, school and work situations, and prospects for the future.

From the Paper
"Intuit, or Eskimos, live in small, isolated villages, usually in groups of only 10 to 50 people, though the exception could be as large a group as 800. Most villages would have perhaps six dwellings. The Eskimo world is small and self-contained not only in terms of the size of the village and the size of the home but also in terms of the circle familiar to a single Eskimo. Relatives constitute the primary world of the Eskimo. The Eskimo family consists of the conjugal unit, a husband, wife, and their children. At the time of first European contact, most women had only two or three children, though Eskimo couples wanted to have as many children as possible. There were two reasons for this fact: 1) there was a high rate of infant mortality; and 2) there was a low effective fertility rate. In this century, however, after Eskimos became relatively sedentary and started weaning their children at a much earlier age, the birth rate exploded to some of the highest levels ever recorded for a human population."

Tags:eskimo

Abstract
The paper deals with the effects of global climate change in the Arctic and then addresses adaptations of the three levels that are the local, regional and international levels.

From the Paper
"Global climate change is one of the most important emerging environmental issues. Global climate change is going to have profound economic, political and social effects on every country and region in the world. For example, in "The Science of Climate Change" Andrew J. Weaver explains how global temperatures have risen .6 to .2C over the twentieth century. And that under the best possible circumstances the average global temperature will rise .5C over the next few centuries(Weaver 41). The effects of climate change will be different in different countries and..."

Tags:arctic, climate, change

Abstract
This paper discusses the Arctic region in Canada and its sovereignty. It describes the many lucrative and economically viable opportunities that exist there. The paper then looks at the problem that exists in that the Arctic area is so vast and so fragile that not many expansions can take place without causing damage to the environment. The paper also discusses demographic problems in the area, but focuses on Canada's sovereignty issues there. In addition, the paper argues that Canada must assert a presence in the Arctic region to prevent damage to a very sensitive and valuable ecosystem. The paper concludes that the possible ramifications for Canada not asserting this presence could lead to poor sustainable development and possible disputes between circumpolar nations in the future.

From the Paper
"Military presence in the Arctic region is nothing unfamiliar, past and present. Events such as World War Two led to the construction of designated military bases, which brought about infrastructure to the Arctic region. An example of this infrastructure that was constructed in the Arctic is the Alaska Highway. This highway was completed in October of 1942 and stretches for two thousand four hundred and fifty kilometres (Grant, 1988). This huge undertaking was done mostly by the American government in secrecy. This was because Alaska was apart of the Northwest Staging Route that had aircraft travelling from the United States to the Soviet Union. It was seen as a "jumping off point" to aid the Allied troops in Europe. Many bridges needed to be built along the way and because it was war time there was a lack of man power as well as resources. So as a result, many bridges were disassembled in the southern parts of the United States and reassembled where they were needed along the Alaskan Highway route (Duerden, 2005). At this point in time, Canada would provide "right of ways", and waive import duties and taxes and allow the use of timber and gravel along the route. Canada would attain control of the highway in the Yukon, Alberta and British Columbia portions, six months after the war ended and it would become "an integral part of the Canadian highway system." (Grant, 1988) The negative impacts that the construction of these various airfields and roadways had on the ecosystems of the Arctic region was measurable. The ground that they were built on was permafrost, which is difficult to build on due to the heaving and uplifting that takes place when it freezes then thaws."

Tags:military infrastructure, Alaska highway

Abstract
This paper focuses on tne international dispute regarding the Northwest Passage, explaining that Canadian Arctic sovereignty is disputed by the USA in particular, addressing the Northwest Passage which American and European interests discuss developing as an 'international' sea route to Asia. Global warming and reduced ice are cited as reasons to expect this shipping in the next century but Ottawa argues that this would damage Arctic ecology and must be supervised by Canada if it is to occur at all. Harper's approach has been one of stepping up Cdn Arctic sovereignty with a higher federal and military presence and communications and other investment.

From the Paper
"Issues of the Arctic and Canadian Arctic Sovereignty are rarely familiar to Canadians living in the south of the country. As this paper explains, they involve a number of almost timeless problems of importance due to ongoing disputes, climatic change, Aboriginal needs, mineral exploitation and matters of defense capability, as the last addressed in some detail, later on. A particularly important controversy rests in contrasting American understandings of Canadian Arctic sovereignty. Donald McCrae stressed ..."

Tags:shipping, Arctic, route, ownership

Abstract
This paper reviews human geography and discusses how, as a field of study, it examines the relationships that exist between human activities and spatial formations. In other words, human social organization has a demonstrable effect on the world around us. Agriculture, for example, reshapes the land in the interest of planting certain kinds of crops--topography is changed, rivers are drained. The paper further discusses how this is only one example of this process and that human activity will have effects on geographic formations and developments.

Tags:canada, arctic, geography

Abstract
This paper describes the migratory patterns of the Arctic Tern and the Canadian Goose. The Canadian Goose is a wetlands-dwelling species inhabiting regions of arctic Canada, Alaska, Siberia and, more recently, continental Europe. The Arctic Tern migrates from nesting grounds in the Arctic south to the Antarctic and back. The paper also explores aspects of the life cycle of the Canadian Goose within five areas of habitat, and the remarkable migration pattern of the Arctic Tern.

From the Paper
"The Canada Geese forage in flocks and feed on plant material, seeds, berries and aquatic plants. They primarily inhabit wooded lakes and ponds, bays and marshes but have recently begun to adapt to urban sites such as golf courses and parks that offer a similar ecology. Since the geese exploit areas of low and tender vegetation, their migratory habits are largely influenced by the short summer season in their northernmost regions. In addition, the breeding period extends for more than two months, making the high-arctic breeding areas unsuitable. In addition, the geese rely on the accumulation of fat reserves during the winter season for their long migration flights."

Tags:bird, winter, south, japan, southern, united, states, central, mexico, northern, tundra, marshland

Abstract
This essay will argue that, as was the case with the descriptions of Pytheas, perceptions of the Arctic and Antarctic are governed by a mingling of the imaginative and the economic. In general, the economic perception tends to dominate with the closer proximity to the pole. Thus, it will be argued that European and Canadian views of the Arctic have historically been dominated by a mingling of economic and imaginative factors. In contrast, the distant (from Europe) Antarctic has been a realm dominated by the imagination as much, or more so, than by economic interests.

Abstract
Paper discussing Canadian dispute with US and other powers on sovereignty over the Northwest Passage as claimed by others as an international seaway. Paper explains how geography and political strategy often combined in our day. Global warming makes shipping possible but Canada opposes this due to environmental and social risks, beyond the matter of being told that the Northwest Passage does not belong to Canada. Several points to do with what pollution means in the Arctic and how international 'seaway' could damage whole region; Aboriginal/Inuit privileges; risk management; future prognoses. Several references.

From the Paper
The Political Geography of the Northwest Passage. Introduction Canadians who live in the south of the Canada tend not to know of recent debates over Arctic sovereignty although they raise important political and environmental issues. Differences in the views of Ottawa and Washington are very large and entrenched, disagreements over the Northwest Passage very important due to recent climatic change, Aboriginal interests, new mineral and oil exploration and Canadian defense development. Donald McCrae, a professor of law at the University of Ottawa explained how Canada's Arctic territory has been a topic neglected by

Tags:nwp arctic, u.s. dispute, risks